“Subotica”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The earliest known written name of the city was Zabotka^[2] or Zabatka,^[3] which dates from 1391. It is the origin of the current Hungarian name for the city "Szabadka".^[3]^[4]

According to one opinion,{{whose|date=November 2018}} the Name "Szabadka" comes from the adjective szabad,^[4] which derived from the Slavic word for "free" – svobod.^[5]^[6]^[7] According to this view, Subotica's earliest designation would mean, therefore, something like a "free place".^[4]

The origin of the earliest form of the name (Zabotka or Zabatka) is obscure.^[8] However, according to a local Bunjevci newspaper, Zabatka could have derived from the South Slavic word "zabat" (Gable), which describe parts of Pannonian Slavic houses.^[9]{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2013}}

The town was named in the 1740s for Maria Theresa of Austria, Archduchess of Austria. It was officially called Sent-Maria in 1743, but was renamed in 1779 as Maria-Theresiapolis. These two official names were also spelled in several different ways (most commonly the German Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel), and were used in different languages.

Geography

It is located in the Pannonian Basin at 46.07° North, 19.68° East, about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} from the border with Hungary, and is the northernmost city in Serbia. It is located in the vicinity of lake Palić.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

History

Prehistory and antiquity

In Neolithic and Eneolithic period, several important archaeological cultures flourished in this area, including the Starčevo culture,^[10] the Vinča culture,^[11] and the Tiszapolgár culture.^[12] First Indo-European{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} peoples settled in the territory of present-day Subotica in 4200 BC. During the Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, several Indo-European archaeological cultures included areas around Subotica - the Baden culture, the Vučedol culture,^[13] the Urnfield culture^[14] and some other. Before the Iazyge conquest in the 1st century, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian, Celtic and Dacian descend inhabited this area. In the 3rd century BC, this area was controlled by Celtic Boii and Eravisci, while in the 1st century BC, it became part of the Dacian kingdom. Since the 1st century, the area came under control of the Sarmatian Iazyges (which possibly included Serboi{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} tribe), who occasionally were allies and occasionally enemies of the Romans. Iazyge rule lasted until the 4th century, after which the region came into the possession of various other peoples and states.

Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement

In the Early Middle Ages various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area of Subotica. These peoples included Huns, Gepids, Avars, Slavs and Bulgarians. Slavs settled today's Subotica in the 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans.

The Slavic tribe living in the territory of present-day Subotica were the Obotrites, a subgroup of the Serbs. In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included the Principality of Lower Pannonia, Great Moravia and the Bulgarian Empire.

Late-Middle Ages

Subotica probably first became a settlement of note when people poured into it from nearby villages destroyed during the Tatar invasions of 1241–42. However the settlement has surely been older. It has been established that people inhabited these territories even 3000 years ago.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} When Zabadka/Zabatka was first recorded in 1391, it was a tiny town in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Later, the city belonged to the Hunyadis, one of the most influential aristocratic families in the whole of Central Europe.

King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary gave the town to one of his relatives, János Pongrác Dengelegi, who, fearing an invasion by the Ottoman Empire, fortified the castle of Subotica, erecting a fortress in 1470. Some decades later, after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Subotica became part of the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the Hungarian population fled northward to Royal Hungary.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Bálint Török, a local noble who had ruled over Subotica, also escaped from the city. During the military and political havoc following the defeat at Mohács, Subotica came under the control of Serbian mercenaries recruited in Banat. These soldiers were in the service of the Transylvanian general John I Zápolya, a later Hungarian king.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

The leader of these mercenaries, Jovan Nenad, established in 1526–27 his rule in Bačka, northern Banat and a small part of Syrmia and created an ephemeral independent state, with Subotica as its capital. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself as Serbian tsar in Subotica. He named Radoslav Čelnik as the general commander of his army, while his treasurer and palatine was Subota Vrlić, a Serbian noble from Jagodina. When Bálint Török returned and captured Subotica from the Serbs, Jovan Nenad moved his capital to Szeged.^[15]

Some months later, in the summer of 1527, Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his state collapsed. This was the last independent Serbian state before the final Ottoman conquest of all Serb-populated lands. However, after Jovan Nenad's death, Radoslav Čelnik led the remains of the army to Ottoman Syrmia, where he briefly ruled as Ottoman vassal.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Ottoman administration

The Ottoman Empire ruled the city from 1542 to 1686. At the end of this almost 150-year-long period, not much remained of the old town of Zabadka/Zabatka. As much of the population had fled, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of the area by different colonists from the Balkans. The settlers were mostly Orthodox Serbs. They cultivated the extremely fertile land around Subotica. In 1570, the population of Subotica numbered 49 houses, and in 1590, 63 houses. In 1687, the region was settled by Catholic Dalmatas (called Bunjevci today). It was called Sobotka under Ottoman rule and was a kaza centre in Segedin sanjak at first in Budin Eyaleti until 1596, and after that in Eğri Eyaleti between 1596–1686.^[16]

Habsburg administration

In 1687, about 5,000 Bunjevci, led by Dujo Marković and Đuro Vidaković settled in Bačka (including Subotica). After the decisive battle against the Ottomans at Senta led by Prince Eugene of Savoy on 11 September 1697, Subotica became part of the military border zone Theiss-Mieresch established by the Habsburg Monarchy. In the meantime the uprising of Francis II Rákóczi broke out, which is also known as the Kuruc War.

In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against the Rac National Militia. Rác was a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to as rácok in the Kingdom of Hungary. In a later period rácok came to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for the Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica in Aleksandrovo, while others emigrated to Russia. In New Serbia, a new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named it Subotica. In 1775, a Jewish community in Subotica was established.

It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious name Saint Mary came to be used for it at this time. Some decades later, in 1779, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria advanced the town's status further by proclaiming it a Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more as Maria-Theresiopolis.

This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over the Habsburg Monarchy. This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century, the Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of the Revolutions in the Habsburg Monarchy (1848-49).

1848/1849 Revolutions

During the 1848-49 revolution, the proclaimed borders of autonomous Serbian Vojvodina included Subotica, but Serb troops could not establish control in the region. On 5 March 1849, at the locality named Kaponja (between Tavankut and Bajmok), there was a battle between Serb and Hungarian army, which was won by the Hungarians.

The first newspaper in the town was also published during the 1848/49 revolution—it was called Honunk állapota ("State of Our Homeland") and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman's local printing company. Unlike most Serbs and Croats who confronted with Hungarians, part of the local Bunjevci people supported Hungarian revolution.

In 1849, after the Hungarian revolution of 1848 was defeated by the Russian and Habsburg armies, the town was separated from the Kingdom of Hungary together with most of the Bačka region, and became part of a separate Habsburg province, called Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. The administrative center of this new province was Timişoara. The province existed until 1860. During the existence of the voivodeship, in 1853, Subotica acquired its impressive theatre.

Hungarian administration

After the establishment of the Dual-Monarchy in 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of city development of Subotica. Many schools were opened after 1867 and in 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European, fin de siècle architecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau style.

Yugoslavia and Serbia

Subotica was part of Austria-Hungary until the aftermath of World War I in 1918, when the city became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In changed economical and political circumstances, Subotica was now a border-town in Yugoslavia and did not, for a time, experience again the dynamic prosperity it enjoyed in the years preceding World War I. However, at that time, Subotica was the third largest city in Yugoslavia by population, following Belgrade and Zagreb.

In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the Axis Powers, and its northern parts, including Subotica, were annexed by Hungary (This partition of Yugoslavia was not recognized by the international community and city was, from the legal point of view, still part of Yugoslavia, whose only legal representative was Yugoslav government in exile). Hungarian troops entered Subotica on 11 April 1941.

As the majority of people living in the city were ethnic Hungarians and the city had been part of Hungary for over 600 years, Hungary felt it had to protect its people now living outside of its borders. During World War II the city lost approximately 7000 of its citizens, mostly Serbs, Hungarians and Jews. Before the war about 6000 Jews lived in Subotica; many of these were deported from the city during the Holocaust, mostly to Auschwitz.

In April 1944 a ghetto was set up. Also, many communists were put to death during Axis rule. In 1944, the Axis forces left city, and Subotica became part of the new Yugoslavia. During the 1944–45 period about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarian) were killed by Partisans re-taking the city as retribution for supporting Axis Hungary.^[17]^[18]

In the post-war period Subotica has gradually modernised. During the Yugoslav and Kosovo wars of the 1990s, a considerable number of Serb refugees came to the city from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, while many ethnic Hungarians and Croats, as well as some local Serbs, left the region due to economical stagnation and fear of racism.{{cn|date=March 2018}}

Cityscape

Unique in Serbia, Subotica has the most buildings built in the art nouveau style. The City Hall (built in 1908-1910) and the Synagogue (1902) are of especially outstanding beauty. These were built by the same architects, Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab, from Budapest, Hungary. Another exceptional example of art nouveau architecture is the actual Artistic Encounter building, which was built in 1904 by Ferenc J. Raichle.

Church buildings include the Cathedral of St. Theresa of Avila dating from 1797, the Franciscan friary dating from 1723, the Orthodox churches also from the 18th century, and the Hungarian Art Nouveau Subotica Synagogue from the early 20th century and is currently in the process of renovation.

The historic National Theatre in Subotica, which was built in 1854 as the first monumental public building in Subotica, was demolished in 2007, although it was declared a historic monument under state protection in 1983, and in 1991 it was added to the National Register as a monument of an extraordinary cultural value. It is currently in the midst of renovation and is scheduled to open in 2017.^[19]

Neighborhoods

Suburbs and villages

The administrative area of Subotica comprises the Subotica city, the town of Palić and 17 villages. The villages are:

Demographics

According to the 2011 census results, the city of Subotica had 141,554 inhabitants.

Ethnic composition

The population of the urban part of Subotica administrative area (including towns of Subotica and Palić) is as follows composed of:^[21]

The population of the Subotica administrative area (which includes urban Subotica, town of Palić and suburban and rural settlements) is composed of:^[21]

Languages

Serbian is the most employed language in daily life, but Hungarian is also used by almost one third of the population in their daily conversations. Both languages are also widely employed in commercial and official signage ^[23]

Religion

Subotica is the centre of the Roman Catholic diocese of the Bačka region. The Subotica area has the highest concentration of Catholics in Serbia. 57% of the city's population are Catholics. There are eight Catholic parish churches, a Franciscan spiritual centre (the city has communities of both Franciscan friars and Franciscan nuns), a female Dominican community, and two congregations of Augustinian religious sisters. The diocese of Subotica has the only Catholic secondary school in Serbia (Paulinum).{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

When the nuns' orphanage and children's home in Blato, Korčula (present-day Croatia) had exhausted the food and funds needed for helping poor and hungry children, Marija Petković (later known as Blessed Mary of Jesus Crucified Petković), went to

Bačka, whose apostolic seat is Subotica, to solicit help for orphans and widows. Bishop Ljudevit Lajčo Budanović asked Petković to found monasteries of her Order in Subotica and neighbourhood, so the locals could benefit spiritually from the instruction of the nuns of her Order.^[24] She learned that Bačka had many poor and abandoned children. In 1923, she opened Kolijevka, a children's home in Subotica. The home still exists but is no longer run by nuns.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Among another Christian communities, the members of the Serbian Orthodox Church are the most numerous. There are two Orthodox church buildings in the city. Orthodox Christians in Subotica belong to the Eparchy of Bačka of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Subotica has two Protestant churches as well, Lutheran and Calvinist. The Jewish community of Subotica is the third largest in Serbia, after those in Belgrade and Novi Sad. About 1000 (of the 6,000 pre-WWII Jews of Subotica) survived the Holocaust. According to the 2011 census, fewer than 90 Jews remained in Subotica as of 2011.^[22]

Politics

After the elections, coalition led by Serbian Progressive Party and Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians formed local municipal government. Bogdan Laban, from Serbian Progressive Party, was elected mayor.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Economy

The area around Subotica is mainly farmland but the city itself is an important industrial and transportation centre in Serbia. Due to the surrounding farmlands Subotica has famous food producer industries in the country, including such brands as the confectionery factory "Pionir", "Fidelinka" the cereal manufacturer, "Mlekara Subotica" a milk producer and "Simex" producer of strong alcohol drinks.

There are a number of old socialistic industries that survived the transition period in Serbia. The biggest one is the chemical fertilizer factory "Azotara" and the rail wagon factory "Bratstvo". Currently the biggest export industry in town is the "Siemens Subotica" wind generators factory and it is the biggest brownfield investment so far. The other big companies in Subotica are: Fornetti, ATB Sever and Masterplast. More recent companies to come to Subotica include Dunkermotoren and NORMA Group. Tourism is important. In the past few years, Palić has been famous for the Palić Film Festival. Subotica is a festival city, hosting more than 17 festivals over the year. {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

As of September 2017, Subotica has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia.^[26]

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2016):^[27]

Education

Secondary schools

Historical schools (1920 to 1941)

Sport

Subotica has one major football stadium, the Subotica City Stadium, indoor arena and indoor swimming pool. The local football team is Spartak and plays in the Serbian SuperLiga, the country's primary football competition.

Media

Infrastructure

A1 motorway connects the city with Novi Sad and Belgrade on south and, across the border with Hungary, with Szeged to the north. It is concurrent with Budapest–Belgrade railroad, which connects it to major European cities.

The city used to have a tram system, the Subotica tram system, but it was discontinued in 1974. The Subotica tram, put into operation in 1897, ran on electricity from the start. While neighbouring cities' trams at this date were often still horse-drawn, this gave the Subotica system an advantage over municipalities including Belgrade, Novi Sad, Zagreb, and Szeged. Its existence was important to the citizens of Subotica, as well as tourists who came to visit.

Subotica has since developed a bus system. The Subotica buses transport people via nine city, six suburban, and ten interurban, as well as two international lines of bus operations. Per year the buses pass some 4.7 million kilometres, and carry about ten million people.

The city is served by Subotica Airport; its runway is too short for airliners, limiting usage to mostly recreational aviation. Southwest of the city there is a 218.5 metres tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting. It is the tallest of its kind in Serbia and one of the tallest in the region.

Famous citizens

International cooperation

Twin towns - Sister cities

Partner Cities

See also

References

1. ^¹{{Serbian census 2011|pages=84–87}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/09500/09536/html/0002/7.html|title=Borovszky - Magyarország vármegyéi és városai|website=mek.oszk.hu}}
3. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.discoverserbia.org/en/backa/subotica |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311153036/http://www.discoverserbia.org/en/backa/subotica |archivedate=2012-03-11 |df= }}
4. ^¹²{{cite news|url=http://modernpolitics.at/fileadmin/Inhaltsdateien/POLAK/essays/reader_Serbien.pdf|title=Kommunalpolitische Vereinigung (Municipal Political Association, the sub-organization of the Christian Democratic Union and the Christlich-Soziale Union of Germany), Serbien Reader - Kleiner Wegweiser für den Political Visit (Serbia Reader - small guide for political visit), Serbien/Montenegro, unsere neuen europäischen Nachbarn (Serbia/Montenegro, our new European neighbors), from March 2009, edited by Christian Passin and Sabine Schiftar, page 76|publisher=By Kommunalpolitische Vereingung (www.kpv.at), Vienna|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=de}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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7. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.ungarischekulturwochen.eu/Nadasdy.pdf| title=Ein goldener Käfig von Ádám Nádasdy (A golden cage by Ádám Nádasdy), page 2| publisher=By the Hungarian Book Foundation by Ádám Nádasdy| accessdate=20 January 2012| language=de| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601022838/http://www.ungarischekulturwochen.eu/Nadasdy.pdf| archive-date=1 June 2015| dead-url=yes| df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/S/Szabadka.html|title=Szabadka – Magyar Katolikus Lexikon|website=lexikon.katolikus.hu}}
9. ^Article in "Bunjevačke novine", number 8, February 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005190459/http://bunjevci.com/novine/pdf/bunjevacke/2006_08.pdf |date=2011-10-05 }}
10. ^http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~hjohnson/New%20Index/Family%20Groups/Group%20Leaders%20Pages/Pin%20Oak%20Reports/inthebeginningupdated2009_files/image010.jpg{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.catyline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Vincanska_civilizacija_5300-3500_g.p.n.jpg |title=Map |website=catyline.com}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/ntasic-eneolit.html|title=[Projekat Rastko] Nikola Tasic: Eneolitske kulture centralnog i zapadnog Balkana|website=www.rastko.rs}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://files.myopera.com/edwardpiercy/blog/Area-Culture-Map-1.JPG |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-02-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714143416/http://files.myopera.com/edwardpiercy/blog/Area-Culture-Map-1.JPG |archivedate=2011-07-14 |df= }},
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/balkans-map/middle-bronze.htm|title=South East Europe history - 1,800 BC map|first=|last=eliznik|website=www.eliznik.org.uk|access-date=2013-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325033312/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/History/balkans-map/middle-bronze.htm|archive-date=2013-03-25|dead-url=yes|df=}}
15. ^Borovszky Samu: Magyarország vármegyéi és városai, Bács-Bodrog vármegye I-II. kötet, Apolló Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság, 1909.
16. ^Sanjak of Segedin
17. ^Mészáros Sándor: Holttá nyilvánítva - Délvidéki magyar fátum 1944–45, I-II, Hatodik Síp Alapítvány, Budapest 1995.
18. ^Cseres Tibor: Vérbosszú Bácskában, Magvető kiadó, Budapest 1991.
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gradjevinarstvo.rs/vesti/13012/810/radovi-na-rekonstrukciji-narodnog-pozorista-u-subotici|title=Radovi na rekonstrukciji Narodnog pozorišta u Subotici|publisher=}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga20.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=19 March 2017}}
21. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/ReportResultView.aspx?rptKey=indId%3d18020101IND01%26102%3d80438%2636%3d0%2cG%2cO%2623%3d0%26111%3d01%2c02%2c03%2c04%2c05%2c06%2c07%2c08%2c09%2c10%2c11%2c12%2c13%2c14%2c15%2c16%2c17%2c18%2c19%2c20%2c21%2c22%2c23%2c24%2c25%2c26%26sAreaId%3d18020101%26dType%3dIdentificatorAndName%26lType%3dEnglish|title=Population by ethnicity – Subotica|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS)|accessdate=11 March 2013}}
22. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=17 December 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000726/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf|archivedate=15 July 2014}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/34510261/The_Use_of_Hungarian_and_Serbian_in_the_City_of_Szabadka_Subotica_An_Empirical_Study|title=The Use of Hungarian and Serbian in the City of Szabadka/Subotica: An Empirical Study|access-date=8 September 2017}}
24. ^M. Stantić. Blessed Marija Petković {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092652/http://marijapropetog.hr/arhiva_10_12_2005.htm|date=19 December 2007}} M. Stantić: Zauzimanje za siromahe - karizma danas, marijapropetog.hr; accessed 5 February 2016. {{hr icon}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.srbijaizbori.com/article/sns-osvojio-najvi%C5%A1e-glasova-u-subotici|title=SNS osvojio najviše glasova u Subotici - Srbija izbori 2018|website=www.srbijaizbori.com}}
26. ^{{cite news |last1=Mikavica |first1=A. |title=Slobodne zone mamac za investitore |url=http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/388105/Slobodne-zone-mamac-za-investitore |accessdate=17 March 2019 |work=politika.rs |date=3 September 2017 |language=Serbian}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=ОПШТИНЕ И РЕГИОНИ У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ, 2017.|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G2017/pdf/G20172023.pdf|website=stat.gov.rs|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=16 March 2018|language=Serbian}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/culture/Cities/subotica_en.asp|title=Intercultural Cities - Home|website=Intercultural cities programme}}

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