| 词条 | Sucellus |
| 释义 |
In Gallo-Roman religion, Sucellus {{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|s|ɛ|l|ə|s|}} or Sucellos was a deity depicted as carrying a large mallet (also described as a hammer) and also an olla and/or barrel. Originally a Celtic deity, his cult flourished not only among Gallo-Romans, but also to some extent among the neighbouring peoples of Raetia and Britain. He has been associated with agriculture and wine, particularly in the territory of the Aedui.[1] SculpturesHe is usually portrayed as a middle-aged bearded man, with a long-handled hammer, or perhaps a beer barrel suspended from a pole. His companion Nantosuelta is sometimes depicted alongside him. When together, they are accompanied by symbols associated with prosperity and domesticity. In a well-known relief from Sarrebourg, near Metz, Nantosuelta, wearing a long gown, is standing to the left. In her left hand she holds a small house-shaped object with two circular holes and a peaked roof – perhaps a dovecote – on a long pole. Her right hand holds a patera which she is tipping onto a cylindrical altar. To the right Sucellus stands, bearded, in a tunic with a cloak over his right shoulder. He holds his mallet in his right hand and an olla in his left. Above the figures is a dedicatory inscription and below them in very low relief is a raven. This sculpture was dated by Reinach, from the form of the letters, to the end of the first century or start of the second century.{{sfnp|Reinach|1922|pages=217–232}} InscriptionsAt least eleven inscriptions to Sucellus are known,{{sfnp|Jufer|Luginbühl|2001|page=63}} mostly from Gaul. One (RIB II, 3/2422.21) is from Eboracum (modern York) in Britain. In an inscription from Augusta Rauricorum (modern Augst), Sucellus is identified with Silvanus:[2] In honor(em) / d(omus) d(ivinae) deo Su/ cello Silv(ano) / Spart(us) l(ocus) d(atus) d(ecreto) d(ecurionum) The syncretism of Sucellus with Silvanus can also be seen in artwork from Narbonensis.{{sfnp|Duval|1993|page=78}} EtymologyIn Gaulish, the root cellos can be interpreted as 'striker', derived from Proto-Indo-European *-kel-do-s whence also come Latin per-cellere ('striker'), Greek klao ('to break') and Lithuanian kálti ('to hammer, to forge').{{sfnp|Delamarre|2003|page=113}} The prefix su- means 'good' or 'well' and is found in many Gaulish personal names.{{sfnp|Delamarre|2003|pages=283-284}} Sucellus is therefore commonly translated as 'the good striker.' An alternate etymology is offered by Celticist Blanca María Prósper, who posits a derivative of the Proto-Indo-European root *kel- ‘to protect’, i.e. *su-kel-mó(n) "having a good protection" or *su-kel-mṇ-, an agentive formation meaning "protecting well, providing good protection", with a thematic derivative built on the oblique stem, *su-kel-mn-o- (and subsequent simplification and assimilation of the sonorant cluster and a secondary full grade of the root). Prósper suggests the name would then be comparable to the Indic personal name Suśarman-, found in Hindu mythology.[3] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Miranda Green |author-link=Miranda Aldhouse-Green |title=Symbol and Image in Celtic Religious Art |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |page=83}} 2. ^{{AE|1926|00040}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Prósper |first=Blanca María |title=Celtic and Non-Celtic Divinities from Ancient Hispania: Power, Daylight, Fertility, Water Spirits and What They Can Tell Us about Indo-European Morphology |journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies |volume=43 |number= 1 & 2 |date= 2015 |pages= 35-36}} Further reading{{wiktionary|Sucellus}}
3 : Agricultural gods|Gaulish gods|Nature gods |
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