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词条 Sudan Liberation Movement/Army
释义

  1. Formation

  2. Libyan involvement

  3. Groups and factions

     Main factions  Other smaller splinter groups 

  4. References

  5. External links

{{distinguish|text=Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) in South Sudan}}{{infobox war faction
|name= Sudan Liberation Movement
|war= the War in Darfur, the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, and the Second Libyan Civil War
|image=

|caption= Logo and flag of the SLM/A
|active= 2002–present
|ideology=
|leaders= Minni Minnawi - SLM (Minnawi)
Abdul Wahid al Nur - SLM (al-Nur)
|groups=
|headquarters=
|area= Western Sudan (Darfur), southern Libya
|strength=
|partof= Sudan Revolutionary Front
|allies={{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} {{small|(SPLM-Unity; until 2011)}}[1]
|}}{{Darfur conflict}}

The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army ({{lang-ar|حركة تحرير السودان}} Ḥarakat Taḥrīr Al-Sūdān; abbreviated SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a Sudanese rebel group active in Darfur, Sudan. It was founded as the Darfur Liberation Front[1] by members of three indigenous ethnic groups in Darfur: the Fur, the Zaghawa, and the Masalit,[2] among whom were the leaders Abdul Wahid al Nur of the Fur and Minni Minnawi of the Zaghawa.[2]

Formation

General Omar al-Tsim and the National Islamic Front headed by Dr. Hassan al-Turabi overthrew the Sudanese government led by Ahmed al-Mirghani in 1989. A large section of the population in Darfur, particularly the non-Arab ethnicities in the region, became increasingly marginalized.[3][4] These feelings were crystallized by the publication in 2000 of The Black Book, which detailed the structural inequity in the Sudan that denies non-Arabs equal justice and power sharing. In 2002 Abdul Wahid al Nur, a lawyer, Ahmad Abdel Shafi Bassey, an education student, and a third man founded the Darfur Liberation Front, which subsequently evolved into the Sudan Liberation Movement and claimed to represent all of the oppressed in the Sudan.[1]

Libyan involvement

Before the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi during the Libyan Civil War (2011), the Libyan Armed Forces were known to support at least parts of the SLM/A, such as the SPLM-Unity.[1] In turn, elements of the SLM/A reportedly became involved in the Second Libyan Civil War, fighting for different factions there in exchange for money and equipment. The SLM/A-Minnawi allied itself with the Khalifa Haftar-aligned Libyan National Army (LNA), and fought alongside it in the Battle of Derna (2018–2019), losing several fighters in combat for the town.[5] On 12 January 2019, SLM/A-Minnawi clashed with the Chadian CCMSR rebel group (an enemy of the LNA) at Gatroun in southern Libya.[6]

Groups and factions

Main factions

In 2006, the Sudan Liberation Movement split into two main factions, divided on the issue of the Darfur Peace Agreement:

  • Sudan Liberation Movement (Minnawi) - this group is led by Minni Minnawi and signed the Darfur Peace Agreement in May 2006. Minnawi served as the Chairperson of the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority from its formation in 2007 to his dismissal in December 2010. The SLM-Minnawi faction formally withdrew from the peace agreement in February 2011.[7][8]
  • Sudan Liberation Movement (al-Nur) - this group was formed in 2006 and is led by Abdul Wahid al Nur. It has rejected the Darfur Peace Agreement.[9]

Other smaller splinter groups

  • Sudan Liberation Movement (Historic Leadership) - this group split from the al-Nur faction and is led by Osman Ibrahim Musa. It signed a peace agreement with the government of South Darfur in January 2011.[10]
  • Sudan Liberation Movement (General Command) - formed in November 2010 by former members of the SLM factions and the former members of the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). It is led by Adam Ali Shogar.[11][12]
  • Sudan Liberation Movement (Mainstream) - this group is led by Mohamed Al Zubeir Khamis.[13]
  • Sudan Liberation Movement (Unity) - This group emerged as multi-tribal alliance of rebel groups from northern Darfur after the Abuja peace talks. Though it has no real political plan, the alliance stresses good relations with the people of Darfur and rejected Minnawi's faction for its attacks on civilians. In general, it is poorly armed and rather weak.[14] At least one faction of the SLM-Unity joined the Sudan Liberation Forces Alliance (SLFA) in 2017.[15]
    • SPLM-Unity (1) - The main sub-faction, led by several commanders with Abdalla Yahya, Ahmad Kubbur, and Sherif Harir being the most notable. SPLM-Unity (1) was weakened by defections to JEM in 2009, but claimed they have recovered from that setback later on.[14]
    • SPLM-Unity (2) - A splinter group led by Mahjoub Hussein, a former commander in the Minnawi faction and the leader of the short-lived "Greater Sudan Liberation Movement". Supported by Libya, he claimed to be the new leader of SPLM-Unity in 2009, but managed to rally almost none of Unity group's militias to his cause.[14]

References

1. ^1 Flint, Julie and De Waal, Alexander (2008) Darfur: A New History of a Long War Zed Books, London, p. 90, {{ISBN|978-1-84277-949-1}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm|title=BBC News - Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels?|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014}}
3. ^Flint, Julie and De Waal, Alexander (2008) Darfur: A New History of a Long War Zed Books, London, pp. 16-17, {{ISBN|978-1-84277-949-1}}
4. ^Jok, Jok Madut (2007) Sudán: Race, Religion and Violence Oneworld, Oxford, p. 4 {{ISBN|978-1-85168-366-6}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/sudanese-rebels-are-fighting-alongside-dignity-operation-libya%E2%80%99s-derna|title=Sudanese rebels are fighting alongside Dignity Operation in Libya’s Derna|author=Safa Alharath|work=Libya Observer |date=17 June 2018|accessdate=29 December 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2019/01/20/terror-suspects-killed-in-large-lna-operation-in-south-libya/ |title=Terror suspects killed in large LNA operation in south Libya |author=Jamal Adel |work=Libya Herald |date=19 January 2019 |accessdate=28 February 2019}}
7. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630151732/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm "Darfur Peace Agreement Fact Sheet"] Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, May 2006, from Internet Archives
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/9223|title=Minawi announces withdrawal from Abuja Agreement|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014}}
9. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070625092442/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/files/portal/spotlight/sudan/Sudan_pdf/SIB%204%20Darfur.pdf Staff (December 2006) "No Dialogue, No Commitment: The Perils of Deadline Diplomacy for Darfur"] Sudan Issue Brief Number 4, p. 3, Human Security Baseline Assessment, Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland, from Internet Archives
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2657-peace-agreement-between-south-darfur-government-and-historic-leadership-of-sudan-liberation-movement-signed.html|title=Account Suspended|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317001449/http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2657-peace-agreement-between-south-darfur-government-and-historic-leadership-of-sudan-liberation-movement-signed.html|archivedate=17 March 2012|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.islammemo.cc/akhbar/arab/2010/11/10/110852.html?lang=en-us|title=مفكرة الإسلام : قيادات ميدانية بدارفور تنشق عن حركة الع|date=10 November 2010|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014}}
12. ^http://www.sudanvisiondaily.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=63317
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2786-slm-main-stream-hosting-darfur-insurgents-in-south-an-animosity-act.html|title=Account Suspended|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921165400/http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2786-slm-main-stream-hosting-darfur-insurgents-in-south-an-animosity-act.html|archivedate=21 September 2011|df=}}
14. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/sudan/darfur/armed-groups/opposition/HSBA-Armed-Groups-SLA-Unity.pdf |title=Sudan Liberation Army-Unity |author= |work=Small Arms Survey |date=July 2010 |accessdate=3 December 2018 }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article62933|title=Three Darfur factions establish new rebel group|author=|work=Sudan Tribune|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=20 July 2017}}

External links

  • Sudan Liberation Movement (Minnawi) - Official website (Arabic)
  • Sudan Liberation Movement (al-Nur) - Official website
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070104231029/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article19561 al-Nur, Abdel Wahid "SLM statement on the secular state"] Sudan Tribune 3 January 2007, from Internet Archive
  • Reed, Ryan Spencer (2007) "Darfur Photographic Exhibition - The Cost of Silence" - Documentary photographer's images of Sudan's rebels including the Sudan Liberation Army
{{Clear}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan Liberation Movement Army}}

7 : 2002 establishments in Sudan|Guerrilla organizations|National liberation movements|Rebel groups in Sudan|Separatism in Sudan|Sudan Revolutionary Front|War in Darfur
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