| 词条 | Policy network analysis |
| 释义 |
Definition of policy networksAlthough the number of definitions is almost as large as the number of approaches of analysis, Rhodes[1]{{rp|426}} aims to offer a minimally exclusive starting point: "Policy networks are sets of formal institutional and informal linkages between governmental and other actors structured around shared if endlessly negotiated beliefs and interests in public policy making and implementation." Possible typologies of policy networksAs Thatcher[3]{{rp|391}} notes, policy network approaches initially aimed to model specific forms of state-interest group relations, without giving exhaustive typologies. Policy communities vs. Issue networksThe most widely used paradigm of the 1970s and 1980s only analyzed two specific types of policy networks: policy communities and issue networks. Justifications of the usage of these concepts were deduced from empirical case studies.[2] Policy Communities in which you refer to relatively slowly changing networks defining the context of policy-making in specific policy segments. The network links are generally perceived as the relational ties between bureaucrats, politicians and interest groups. The main characteristic of policy communities – compared to issue networks – is that the boundaries of the networks are more stable and more clearly defined. This concept was studied in the context of policy-making in the United Kingdom.[2] In contrast, issue networks – a concept established in literature about United States government - refer to a looser system, where a relatively large number of stakeholders are involved. Non-government actors in these networks usually include not only interest group representatives but also professional or academic experts. An important characteristic of issue network is that membership is constantly changing, interdependence is often asymmetric and – compared to policy communities – it is harder to identify dominant actors.[3] Other possible typologiesNew typological approaches appeared in the early 1990s and late 1980s with the aim of grouping policy networks into a system of mutually exclusive and commonly exhaustive categories.[2] One possible logic of typology is based on the degree of integration, membership size and distribution of resources in the network. This categorization – perhaps most importantly represented by R. A. W. Rhodes – allows the combination of policy communities and issue networks with categories like professional network, intragovernmental network and producer network.[4] Other approaches identify categories based on distinct patterns of state-interest group relations. Patterns include corporatism and pluralism, iron triangles, subgovernment and clientelism while the differentiation is based on membership, stability and sectorality.[5] Roles of policy network analysisAs the field of policy network analysis grew since the late 20th century, scholars developed competing descriptive, theoretical and prescriptive accounts. Each type gives different specific content for the term policy network and uses different research methodologies.[1] Descriptive usageFor several authors, policy networks describe specific forms of government policy-making. The three most important forms are interest intermediation, interorganizational analysis, and governance.[1] Interest intermediationAn approach developed from the literature on US pluralism, policy networks are often analyzed in order to identify the most important actors influencing governmental decision-making. From this perspective, a network-based assessment is useful to describe power positions, the structure of oligopoly in political markets, and the institutions of interest negotiation.[1] Interorganizational analysisAnother branch of descriptive literature, which emerged from the study of European politics, aims to understand the interdependency in decision-making between formal political institutions and the corresponding organizational structures. This viewpoint emphasizes the importance of overlapping organizational responsibilities and the distribution of power in shaping specific policy outcomes.[6] GovernanceA third direction of descriptive scholarship is to describe general patterns of policy-making – the formal institutions of power-sharing between government, independent state bodies and the representatives of employer and labor interests.[7][8] Theoretical usageThe two most important theoretical approaches aiming to understand and explain actor's behavior in policy networks are the following: power dependence and rational choice.[1] Power dependenceIn power dependence models, policy networks are understood as mechanism of exchanging resources between organizations in the networks. The dynamic of exchange is determined by the comparative value of resources (f.e. legal, political or financial in nature) and individual capacities to deploy them in order create better bargaining positions and achieve higher degrees of autonomy.[1] Rational ChoiceIn policy network analysis, theorists complement standard rational choice arguments with the insights of new institutionalism. This "actor-centered institutionalism" is used to describe policy networks as structural arrangements between relatively stable sets of public and private players. Rational choice theorists identify links between network actors as channels to exchange multiple goods (f.e. knowledge, resources and information).[1] Prescriptive usageThe prescriptive literature on policy networks focuses on the phenomenon's role in constraining or enabling certain governmental action. From this viewpoint, networks are seen as central elements of the realm of policy-making at least partially defining the desirability of status quo – thus a possible target of reform initiatives.[1] The three most common network management approaches are the following: instrumental (a focus on altering dependency relation), institutional (a focus on rules, incentives and culture) and interactive (a focus on communication and negotiation).[9] New directions and debatesAs Rhodes[1] points out, there is a long-lasting debate in the field about general theories predicting the emergence of specific networks and corresponding policy outcomes depending on specific conditions. No theories have succeeded in achieving this level of generality yet and some scholars doubt they ever will. Other debates are focusing on describing and theorizing change in policy networks. While some political scientists state that this might not be possible,[10] other scholars have made efforts towards the understanding of policy network dynamics. One example is the advocacy coalition framework, which aims to analyze the effect of commonly represented beliefs (in coalitions) on policy outcomes.[1][11] See also
Further reading
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{citation | last = Rhodes | first = R.A.W. | author-link = R. A. W. Rhodes | contribution = Policy network analysis | editor-last1 = Moran | editor-first1 = Michael | editor-last2 = Rein | editor-first2 = Martin | editor-last3 = Goodin | editor-first3 = editor-Robert E. | title = The Oxford handbook of public policy | pages = 425–443 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 9780199548453 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} Preview. 2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal | last = Thatcher | first = Mark | title = The development of policy network analyses: from modest origins to overarching frameworks | journal = Journal of Theoretical Politics | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 389–416 | doi = 10.1177/0951692898010004002 | date = October 1998 | ref = harv }} 3. ^{{citation | last = Heclo | first = Hugh | contribution = Issue networks and the executive establishment | editor-last = King | editor-first = Anthony | title = The new American political system | pages = 87–124 | publisher = American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research | location = Washington | year = 1978 | isbn = 9780844733159 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} 4. ^{{cite book | last1 = Marsh | first1 = David | last2 = Rhodes | first2 = R.A.W. | author-link2 = R. A. W. Rhodes | title = Policy networks in British government | publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press | location = Oxford Oxford New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 9780198278528 }} 5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Jordan | first1 = Grant | last2 = Schubert | first2 = Klaus | title = A preliminary ordering of policy network labels | journal = European Journal of Political Research | volume = 21 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 7–27 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00286.x | date = February 1992 | ref = harv }} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Rhodes | first = R.A.W. | author-link = R. A. W. Rhodes | title = Control and power in central-local government relations | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, Hants, England Brookfield, Vermont | edition = revised | year = 1999 | isbn = 9781840147780 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Nielsen | first1 = Klaus | last2 = Pedersen | first2 = Ove K. | title = The negotiated economy: ideal and history | journal = Scandinavian Political Studies | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | page = 101 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00361.x | date = June 1998 | ref = harv }} [https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/scandinavian_political_studies/article/view/12990/24777 Text.] 8. ^{{cite book | last1 = Hall | first1 = Peter A. | last2 = Soskice | first2 = David W. | title = Varieties of capitalism : the institutional foundations of comparative advantage | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford England New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780199247752 }} 9. ^{{cite book | last1 = Kickert | first1 = Walter J.M. | last2 = Klijn | first2 = Erik-Hans | last3 = Koppenjan | first3 = Joop F.M. | author-link1 = Walter Kickert | title = Managing complex networks strategies for the public sector | publisher = Sage | location = London Thousand Oaks, California | year = 1997 | isbn = 9781446217658 }} 10. ^{{Cite journal | last = Richardson | first = Jeremy | title = Government, interest groups and policy change | journal = Political Studies | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 1006–1025 | doi = 10.1111/1467-9248.00292 | date = December 2000 | ref = harv }} 11. ^{{cite journal | last = Nedergaard | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Nedergaard | title = The reform of the 2003 Common Agricultural Policy: an advocacy coalition explanation | journal = Policy Studies | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–195 | doi = 10.1080/01442870802033464 | date = June 2008 | ref = harv }} 2 : Political science|Public policy |
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