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词条 Sudoku
释义

  1. History

     Predecessors  Modern Sudoku   Spread outside Japan  

  2. Variants

      Variations of grid sizes    Mini Sudoku    Imposing additional constraints    Killer Sudoku    Alphabetical Sudoku    Hyper Sudoku    Twin Sudoku    Other variants 

  3. Mathematics of Sudoku

  4. Competitions

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}}{{Multiple image
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| align = right
| image1 = Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 standardized layout.svg
| image2 = Sudoku Puzzle by L2G-20050714 solution standardized layout.svg
| width = 250
| caption1 = A typical Sudoku puzzle ...
| caption2 = ... and its solution
| alt1 = A typical Sudoku puzzle, with nine rows and nine columns that intersect at square spaces. Some of the cells are filled with a number; others are blank cells to be solved.
| alt2 = The previous puzzle, showing its solution.
}}{{nihongo|Sudoku|数独|sūdoku|digit-single|}} ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|d|oʊ|k|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|d|ɒ|k|-}}, {{IPAc-en|s|ə|-}}, originally called Number Place)[1] is a logic-based,[2][3] combinatorial[4] number-placement puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3×3 subgrids that compose the grid (also called "boxes", "blocks", or "regions") contain all of the digits from 1 to 9. The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid, which for a well-posed puzzle has a single solution.

Completed games are always a type of Latin square with an additional constraint on the contents of individual regions. For example, the same single integer may not appear twice in the same row, column, or any of the nine 3×3 subregions of the 9×9 playing board.

French newspapers featured variations of the puzzles in the 19th century, and the puzzle has appeared since 1979 in puzzle books under the name Number Place.[5] However, the modern Sudoku only started to become mainstream in 1986 by the Japanese puzzle company Nikoli, under the name Sudoku, meaning "single number".[5] It first appeared in a US newspaper and then The Times (London) in 2004, from the efforts of Wayne Gould, who devised a computer program to rapidly produce distinct puzzles.

History

Predecessors

Number puzzles appeared in newspapers in the late 19th century, when French puzzle setters began experimenting with removing numbers from magic squares. Le Siècle, a Paris daily, published a partially completed 9×9 magic square with 3×3 subsquares on November 19, 1892.[6] It was not a Sudoku because it contained double-digit numbers and required arithmetic rather than logic to solve, but it shared key characteristics: each row, column and subsquare added up to the same number.

On July 6, 1895, Le Siècle{{'s}} rival, La France, refined the puzzle so that it was almost a modern Sudoku. It simplified the 9×9 magic square puzzle so that each row, column, and broken diagonals contained only the numbers 1–9, but did not mark the subsquares. Although they are unmarked, each 3×3 subsquare does indeed comprise the numbers 1–9 and the additional constraint on the broken diagonals leads to only one solution.[7]

These weekly puzzles were a feature of French newspapers such as L'Echo de Paris for about a decade, but disappeared about the time of World War I.[8]

Modern Sudoku

The modern Sudoku was most likely designed anonymously by Howard Garns, a 74-year-old retired architect and freelance puzzle constructor from Connersville, Indiana, and first published in 1979 by Dell Magazines as Number Place (the earliest known examples of modern Sudoku).[1] Garns's name was always present on the list of contributors in issues of Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games that included Number Place, and was always absent from issues that did not.[9] He died in 1989 before getting a chance to see his creation as a worldwide phenomenon.[9] Whether or not Garns was familiar with any of the French newspapers listed above is unclear.

The puzzle was introduced in Japan by Nikoli in the paper Monthly Nikolist in April 1984[9] as {{nihongo|Sūji wa dokushin ni kagiru|数字は独身に限る|}}, which also can be translated as "the digits must be single" or "the digits are limited to one occurrence" (In Japanese, dokushin means an "unmarried person"). At a later date, the name was abbreviated to Sudoku (数独) by {{nihongo|Maki Kaji|鍜治 真起|Kaji Maki}}, taking only the first kanji of compound words to form a shorter version.[9] "Sudoku" is a registered trademark in Japan[10] and the puzzle is generally referred to as {{nihongo|Number Place|ナンバープレース|Nanbāpurēsu}} or, more informally, a portmanteau of the two words, {{nihongo|Num(ber) Pla(ce)|ナンプレ|Nanpure}}. In 1986, Nikoli introduced two innovations: the number of givens was restricted to no more than 32, and puzzles became "symmetrical" (meaning the givens were distributed in rotationally symmetric cells). It is now published in mainstream Japanese periodicals, such as the Asahi Shimbun.

Spread outside Japan

In 1997, Hong Kong judge Wayne Gould saw a partly completed puzzle in a Japanese bookshop. Over six years, he developed a computer program to produce unique puzzles rapidly.[5] Knowing that British newspapers have a long history of publishing crosswords and other puzzles, he promoted Sudoku to The Times in Britain, which launched it on November 12, 2004 (calling it Su Doku). The first letter to The Times regarding Su Doku was published the following day on November 13 from Ian Payn of Brentford, complaining that the puzzle had caused him to miss his stop on the tube.[11] Sudoku puzzles rapidly spread to other newspapers as a regular feature.[12][13]

The rapid rise of Sudoku in Britain from relative obscurity to a front-page feature in national newspapers attracted commentary in the media and parody (such as when The Guardian{{'s}} G2 section advertised itself as the first newspaper supplement with a Sudoku grid on every page).[14] Recognizing the different psychological appeals of easy and difficult puzzles, The Times introduced both, side by side, on June 20, 2005. From July 2005, Channel 4 included a daily Sudoku game in their teletext service. On August 2, the BBC's program guide Radio Times featured a weekly Super Sudoku with a 16×16 grid.

In the United States, the first newspaper to publish a Sudoku puzzle by Wayne Gould was The Conway Daily Sun (New Hampshire), in 2004.[15]

The world's first live TV Sudoku show, Sudoku Live, was a puzzle contest first broadcast on July 1, 2005, on Sky One. It was presented by Carol Vorderman. Nine teams of nine players (with one celebrity in each team) representing geographical regions competed to solve a puzzle. Each player had a hand-held device for entering numbers corresponding to answers for four cells. Phil Kollin of Winchelsea, England, was the series grand prize winner, taking home over £23,000 over a series of games. The audience at home was in a separate interactive competition, which was won by Hannah Withey of Cheshire.

Later in 2005, the BBC launched SUDO-Q, a game show that combined Sudoku with general knowledge. However, it used only 4×4 and 6×6 puzzles. Four seasons were produced before the show ended in 2007.

In 2006, a Sudoku website published songwriter Peter Levy's Sudoku tribute song,[16] but quickly had to take down the MP3 file due to heavy traffic. British and Australian radio picked up the song, which is to feature in a British-made Sudoku documentary. The Japanese Embassy also nominated the song for an award, with Levy doing talks with Sony in Japan to release the song as a single.[17]

Sudoku software is very popular on PCs, websites, and mobile phones. It comes with many distributions of Linux. Software has also been released on video game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, the Game Boy Advance, Xbox Live Arcade, the Nook e-book reader, Kindle Fire tablet, several iPod models, and the iPhone. Many Nokia phones also had Sudoku. In fact, just two weeks after Apple Inc. debuted the online App Store within its iTunes Store on July 11, 2008, nearly 30 different Sudoku games were already in it, created by various software developers, specifically for the iPhone and iPod Touch. One of the most popular video games featuring Sudoku is Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!. Critically and commercially well-received, it generated particular praise for its Sudoku implementation[18][19][20] and sold more than 8 million copies worldwide.[21] Due to its popularity, Nintendo made a second Brain Age game titled Brain Age2, which has over 100 new Sudoku puzzles and other activities.

In June 2008, an Australian drugs-related jury trial costing over A$ 1 million was aborted when it was discovered that five of the twelve jurors had been playing Sudoku instead of listening to evidence.[22]

Variants

{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=A nonomino sudoku.svg|image2=A nonomino sudoku solution.svg|width=150|caption1=A nonomino or jigsaw Sudoku, as seen in The Sunday Telegraph|caption2=And its solution (red numbers)|alt1=A Sudoku puzzle grid with many colours, with nine rows and nine columns that intersect at square spaces. Some of the spaces are filled with a digit; others are blank spaces to be solved.|alt2=The previous puzzle, solved with digits in the blanks spaces.}}

Variations of grid sizes

Although the 9×9 grid with 3×3 regions is by far the most common, many other variations exist. Sample puzzles can be 4×4 grids with 2×2 regions; 5×5 grids with pentomino regions have been published under the name Logi-5; the World Puzzle Championship has featured a 6×6 grid with 2×3 regions and a 7×7 grid with six heptomino regions and a disjoint region. Larger grids are also possible, or different irregular shapes (under various names: Suguru,Tectonic,jigsaw Sudoku...). The Times offers a 12×12-grid "Dodeka Sudoku" with 12 regions of 4×3 squares. Dell Magazines regularly publishes 16×16 "Number Place Challenger" puzzles (using the numbers 1–16 or the letters A-P). Nikoli offers 25×25 "Sudoku the Giant" behemoths. A 100×100-grid puzzle dubbed Sudoku-zilla was published in 2010.[23]

Mini Sudoku

Under the name "Mini Sudoku", a 6×6 variant with 3×2 regions appears in the American newspaper USA Today and elsewhere. The object is the same as that of standard Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6. A similar form, for younger solvers of puzzles, called "The Junior Sudoku", has appeared in some newspapers, such as some editions of The Daily Mail.

Imposing additional constraints

Another common variant is to add limits on the placement of numbers beyond the usual row, column, and box requirements. Often, the limit takes the form of an extra "dimension"; the most common is to require the numbers in the main diagonals of the grid to also be unique. The aforementioned "Number Place Challenger" puzzles are all of this variant, as are the Sudoku X puzzles in The Daily Mail, which use 6×6 grids.

Killer Sudoku

{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=right|image1=Killersudoku color.svg|image2=Killersudoku color solution.svg|width=150|caption1=A Killer Sudoku puzzle|caption2=And its solution}}{{Main article|Killer sudoku}}

The Killer Sudoku variant combines elements of Sudoku and Kakuro.

Alphabetical Sudoku

{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=right|image1=Wordoku puzzle.svg|image2=Wordoku puzzle solution.svg|width=150|caption1=A Wordoku puzzle|caption2=And its solution (red characters)}}

Alphabetical variations have emerged, sometimes called Wordoku; no functional difference exists in the puzzle unless the letters spell something. Some variants, such as in the TV Guide, include a word reading along a main diagonal, row, or column once solved; determining the word in advance can be viewed as a solving aid. A Wordoku might contain words other than the main word.

"Quadratum latinum" is a Sudoku variation with Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV, ..., IX) proposed by Hebdomada aenigmatum, a monthly magazine of Latin puzzles and crosswords. Like the Wordoku, it presents no functional difference from a normal Sudoku, but adds the visual difficulty of using Roman numerals.

Hyper Sudoku

{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=right|image1=Oceans Hypersudoku18 Puzzle.svg|image2=Oceans Hypersudoku18 Solution.svg|width=150|caption1=Hypersudoku puzzle|caption2=And its solution|alt1=A Sudoku puzzle grid with four blue quadrants and nine rows and nine columns that intersect at square spaces. Some of the spaces are filled with one number each; others are blank spaces to be solved.|alt2=The previous puzzle, solved with numbers in the blanks spaces.}}

Hyper Sudoku uses the classic 9×9 grid with 3×3 regions, but defines four additional interior 3×3 regions in which the numbers 1–9 must appear exactly once. It was invented by Peter Ritmeester and first published by him in Dutch Newspaper NRC Handelsblad in October 2005, and since April 2007 on a daily basis in The International New York Times (International Herald Tribune). The first time it was called Hyper Sudoku was in Will Shortz's Favorite Sudoku Variations (February 2006). It is also known as Windoku because with the grid's four interior regions shaded, it resembles a window with glazing bars.[24]

Twin Sudoku

In Twin Sudoku two regular grids share a 3×3 box. This is one of many possible types of overlapping grids. The rules for each individual grid are the same as in normal Sudoku, but the digits in the overlapping section are shared by each half. In some compositions neither individual grid can be solved alone – the complete solution is only possible after each individual grid has at least been partially solved.

Other variants

Puzzles constructed from more than two grids are also common. Five 9×9 grids that overlap at the corner regions in the shape of a quincunx is known in Japan as Gattai 5 (five merged) Sudoku. In The Times, The Age, and The Sydney Morning Herald, this form of puzzle is known as Samurai SuDoku. The Baltimore Sun and the Toronto Star publish a puzzle of this variant (titled High Five) in their Sunday edition. Often, no givens are placed in the overlapping regions. Sequential grids, as opposed to overlapping, are also published, with values in specific locations in grids needing to be transferred to others.

A tabletop version of Sudoku can be played with a standard 81-card Set deck (see Set game). A three-dimensional Sudoku puzzle was published in The Daily Telegraph in May 2005. The Times also publishes a three-dimensional version under the name Tredoku. Also, a Sudoku version of the Rubik's Cube is named Sudoku Cube.

Many other variants have been developed.[25][26][27] Some are different shapes in the arrangement of overlapping 9×9 grids, such as butterfly, windmill, or flower.[28] Others vary the logic for solving the grid. One of these is "Greater Than Sudoku". In this, a 3×3 grid of the Sudoku is given with 12 symbols of Greater Than (>) or Less Than (<) on the common line of the two adjacent numbers.[9] Another variant on the logic of solution is "Clueless Sudoku", in which nine 9×9 Sudoku grids are each placed in a 3×3 array. The center cell in each 3×3 grid of all nine puzzles is left blank and form a tenth Sudoku puzzle without any cell completed; hence, "clueless".[28] Examples and other variants can be found in the Glossary of Sudoku.

Mathematics of Sudoku

{{Main article|Mathematics of Sudoku}}

This section refers to classic Sudoku, disregarding jigsaw, hyper, and other variants.

A completed Sudoku grid is a special type of Latin square with the additional property of no repeated values in any of the nine blocks (or boxes of 3×3 cells). The relationship between the two theories is known, after it was proven that a first-order formula that does not mention blocks is valid for Sudoku if and only if it is valid for Latin squares.[29]

The general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n2×n2 grids of n×n blocks is known to be NP-complete.[30] Many computer algorithms, such as backtracking and dancing links can solve most 9×9 puzzles efficiently, but combinatorial explosion occurs as n increases, creating limits to the properties of Sudokus that can be constructed, analyzed, and solved as n increases. A Sudoku puzzle can be expressed as a graph coloring problem.[31] The aim is to construct a 9-coloring of a particular graph, given a partial 9-coloring.

The fewest clues possible for a proper Sudoku is 17 (proven January 2012, and confirmed September 2013).[32][33] Over 49,000 Sudokus with 17 clues have been found, many by Japanese enthusiasts.[34][35] Sudokus with 18 clues and rotational symmetry have been found, and there is at least one Sudoku that has 18 clues, exhibits two-way diagonal symmetry and is automorphic. The maximum number of clues that can be provided while still not rendering a unique solution is four short of a full grid (77); if two instances of two numbers each are missing from cells that occupy the corners of an orthogonal rectangle, and exactly two of these cells are within one region, the numbers can be assigned two ways. Since this applies to Latin squares in general, most variants of Sudoku have the same maximum.

The number of classic 9×9 Sudoku solution grids is 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 {{OEIS|id=A107739}}, or around {{val|6.67|e=21}}. This is roughly {{val|1.2|e=-6}} times the number of 9×9 Latin squares.[36] Various other grid sizes have also been enumerated—see the main article for details. The number of essentially different solutions, when symmetries such as rotation, reflection, permutation, and relabelling are taken into account, was shown to be just 5,472,730,538[37] {{OEIS|id=A109741}}.

Unlike the number of complete Sudoku grids, the number of minimal 9×9 Sudoku puzzles is not precisely known. (A minimal puzzle is one in which no clue can be deleted without losing uniqueness of the solution.) However, statistical techniques combined with a puzzle generator[38] show that about (with 0.065% relative error) 3.10 × 1037 minimal puzzles and 2.55 × 1025 nonessentially equivalent minimal puzzles exist.

Competitions

  • The first World Sudoku Championship was held in Lucca, Italy, from March 10 to 12, 2006. The winner was Jana Tylová of the Czech Republic.[39] The competition included numerous variants.[40]
  • The second World Sudoku Championship was held in Prague from March 28 to April 1, 2007.[41] The individual champion was Thomas Snyder of the USA. The team champion was Japan.[42]
  • The third World Sudoku Championship was held in Goa, India, from April 14 to 16, 2008. Thomas Snyder repeated as the individual overall champion, and also won the first ever Classic Trophy (a subset of the competition counting only classic Sudoku). The Czech Republic won the team competition.[43]
  • The fourth World Sudoku Championship was held in Žilina, Slovakia, from April 24 to 27, 2009. After past champion Thomas Snyder of the USA won the general qualification, Jan Mrozowski of Poland emerged from a 36-competitor playoff to become the new World Sudoku Champion. Host nation Slovakia emerged as the top team in a separate competition of three-membered squads.[44]
  • The fifth World Sudoku Championship was held in Philadelphia from April 29 to May 2, 2010. Jan Mrozowski of Poland successfully defended his world title in the individual competition, while Germany won a separate team event. The puzzles were written by Thomas Snyder and Wei-Hwa Huang, both past US Sudoku champions.[45]
  • The 12th World Sudoku Championship (WSC) was held in Bangalore, India from Oct 15 to 22, 2017. Kota Morinishi of Japan won the Individual WSC and China won the team event.[46]
  • The 13th World Sudoku Championship will take place in Czech Republic.[47]
  • In the United States, The Philadelphia Inquirer Sudoku National Championship has been held three times, each time offering a $10,000 prize to the advanced division winner and a spot on the U.S. National Sudoku Team traveling to the world championships. The winners of the event were Thomas Snyder (2007),[48] Wei-Hwa Huang (2008), and Tammy McLeod (2009).[49] In the 2009 event, the third-place finalist in the advanced division, Eugene Varshavsky, performed quite poorly onstage after setting a very fast qualifying time on paper, which caught the attention of organizers and competitors including past champion Thomas Snyder, who requested organizers reconsider his results due to a suspicion of cheating.[50] Following an investigation and a retest of Varshavsky, the organizers disqualified him and awarded Chris Narrikkattu third place.[51]

See also

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
  • 36 Cube
  • Blendoku
  • Constraint satisfaction problem
  • Futoshiki
  • Glossary of Sudoku
  • Hashiwokakero
  • Hidato
  • KenKen
  • List of Nikoli puzzle types
  • Logic puzzle
  • Mathematics of Sudoku
  • Nonogram
  • Str8ts
  • Sudoku solving algorithms
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite web |last=Grossman |first=Lev |title=The Answer Men |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2137423,00.html |newspaper=Time |location= New York |accessdate=March 4, 2013 |date=March 11, 2013}}{{registration required}}
2. ^{{cite news |last=Arnoldy |first=Ben |title=Sudoku Strategies|work=The Home Forum |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}
3. ^{{cite news|last=Schaschek|first=Sarah|title=Sudoku champ's surprise victory |date=March 22, 2006 |newspaper=The Prague Post |url= http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php |accessdate=February 18, 2009 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060813145953/http://www.praguepost.com/P03/2006/Art/0323/news5.php |archivedate = August 13, 2006}}
4. ^{{cite book |last1=Lawler|first1=E. L. |authorlink1=Eugene Lawler|title=The Traveling Salesman Problem: A Guided Tour of Combinatorial Optimization|location=West Sussex|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1985|isbn=0-471-90413-9}}
5. ^{{cite journal |title=Unwed Numbers |first=Brian |last=Hayes |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |year=2006 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.3475}}
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7. ^{{cite web|last=Boyer|first=Christian|title=Sudoku's French ancestors|url=http://cboyer.club.fr/multimagie//English/SudokuAncestors.htm|year=2007|publisher=(personal webpage)|accessdate=August 3, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010081626/http://cboyer.club.fr/multimagie/English/SudokuAncestors.htm |archivedate=October 10, 2007}}
8. ^{{cite news |first=Jack |last=Malvern |title=Les fiendish French beat us to Su Doku |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2208881,00.html |work=Times Online |date=June 3, 2006 |accessdate=September 16, 2006 |location=London}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.mathpuzzle.com/MAA/41-Sudoku%20Variations/mathgames_09_05_05.html |title=Ed Pegg Jr.'s Math Games: Sudoku Variations |accessdate=October 3, 2006 |last=Pegg |first=Ed, Jr. |date=September 15, 2005 |work=MAA Online |publisher=The Mathematical Association of America}}
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11. ^"Letters". Timesonline.co.uk. November 14, 2004. {{paywall|date=August 2013}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/may/15/pressandpublishing.usnews |title=So you thought Sudoku came from the Land of the Rising Sun ...|first=David |last=Smith |newspaper=The Observer |date=May 15, 2005 |accessdate=June 13, 2008 |quote=The puzzle gripping the nation actually began at a small New York magazine}}
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14. ^{{cite news |title=G2, home of the discerning Sudoku addict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,,1482817,00.html |work=The Guardian |date=May 13, 2005 |accessdate=September 16, 2006 |location=London}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/21/business/worldbusiness/21sudoku.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&sq&st=cse%22Conway%20Daily%20Sun&scp=1%22%202004%20gould |title=Correction attached to "Inside Japan's Puzzle Palace" |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 21, 2007}}
16. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sudoku.org.uk/news.htm |title=Sudoku the song, by Peter Levy |date=August 17, 2006 |work=Sudoku.org.uk |accessdate=October 5, 2008}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/hit-song-has-the-numbers/story-e6frf7jo-1111112155196 |title=Hit Song Has the Numbers |date=August 17, 2006 |work=The Herald Sun |accessdate=October 5, 2008}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/931667.asp |title=Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day! |website=Gamerankings.com}}
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25. ^*{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Thomas |last2=Huang |first2=Wei-Hwa |title=Mutant Sudoku |publisher=Puzzlewright Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-402765025}}
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28. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.janko.at/Raetsel/Zahlenraetsel.htm |title=Zahlenraetsel |publisher=www.janko.at}}
29. ^{{cite book |title=The Hidden Logic of Sudoku |first1=Denis |last1=Berthier |publisher=LULU PR |year=2007 |isbn=1-84753-472-4 |page=76 N|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ME9oJwAACAAJ|quote=p. 76.: "any block-free resolution rule is already valid in the theory of Latin Squares extended to candidates". Restated more explicitly in the second edition, p. 86, as: "a block-free formula is valid for Sudoku if and only if it is valid for Latin squares"}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www-imai.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yato/data2/SIGAL87-2.pdf |title=NP complete – Sudoku|language=en|publisher=Imai.is.su-tokyo.ac.jp |accessdate=2013-10-20}}
31. ^Lewis, R. A Guide to Graph Colouring: Algorithms and Applications. Springer International Publishers, 2015.
32. ^G. McGuire, B. Tugemann, G. Civario. [https://arxiv.org/abs/1201.0749 "There is no 16-Clue Sudoku: Solving the Sudoku Minimum Number of Clues Problem"]. Arxiv.org.
33. ^H.H. Lin, I-C. Wu. "No 16-clue Sudoku puzzles by sudoku@vtaiwan project", September, 2013.
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/~gordon/sudokumin.php |title=Minimum Sudoku |accessdate=February 28, 2012 |last= Royle |first=Gordon}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.ic-net.or.jp/~takaken/auto/guest/bbs46.html |script-title=ja:プログラミングパズルに関心のある人は雑談しましょう |accessdate=September 16, 2006 |work=プログラミングパズル雑談コーナー / Programming Puzzle Idle Talk Corner |language=Japanese}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.afjarvis.staff.shef.ac.uk/sudoku/ |title=Sudoku enumeration problems |accessdate=September 16, 2006 |last=Jarvis |first=Frazer |date=July 31, 2006 |work=Frazer Jarvis's home page}} Detailed calculation of this figure.
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.afjarvis.staff.shef.ac.uk/sudoku/sudgroup.html |title=There are 5472730538 essentially different Sudoku grids ... and the Sudoku symmetry group |accessdate= September 16, 2006 |last=Jarvis |first=Frazer |first2=Ed |last2=Russell |date=September 7, 2005 |work=Frazer Jarvis's home page}}
38. ^{{cite book | first = Denis | last = Berthier | url = http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00641955 |date=December 4, 2009 |title=Innovations in Computing Sciences and Software Engineering |editor= Elleithy, Khaled |pages=165–70 |chapter=Unbiased Statistics of a CSP – A Controlled-Bias Generator |accessdate = December 4, 2009 }}
39. ^{{cite news |title=Sudoku title for Czech accountant |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4797540.stm |work=BBC News |date=March 11, 2006 |accessdate=September 11, 2006}}
40. ^{{cite news |title=World Sudoku Championship 2006 Instructions Booklet |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/10_03_06_sudoku.pdf |format=PDF |work=BBC News |accessdate=May 24, 2010}}
41. ^{{cite news |title=Report on the 8th General Assembly of the World Puzzle Federation |url=http://www.worldpuzzle.org/championships/2006/report.html |work=World Puzzle Federation |date=October 30, 2006 |accessdate=November 15, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231538/http://www.worldpuzzle.org/championships/2006/report.html |archivedate=September 26, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}
42. ^{{cite news |title=Thomas Snyder wins World Sudoku Championship |url=http://wpc.puzzles.com/press/index.htm#2007-2 |work=US Puzzle Team |date=March 31, 2007 |accessdate=April 18, 2008}}
43. ^{{cite news |title=It's a puzzle but sun, sea and beer can't compete with Sudoku for British team |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/games_and_puzzles/article3761511.ece |work=TimesOnline |date=April 17, 2008 |accessdate=April 18, 2008 |location=London |first=Michael |last=Harvey}}
44. ^{{cite news |title=Su Doku battle goes a little off the wall |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/games_and_puzzles/sudoku/article6175809.ece |work=TimesOnline |date=April 27, 2009 |accessdate=April 27, 2009 |location=London |first=Jack |last=Malvern}}
45. ^{{cite news |title=Pole, 23, repeats as Sudoku world champ |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/92606119.html |work=PhillyInquirer |date=May 2, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505145443/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/92606119.html |archivedate=2010-05-05|accessdate=August 3, 2013}}
46. ^http://wspc2017.logicmastersindia.com/
47. ^http://www.worldpuzzle.org/championships/wsc/
48. ^{{cite news |title=Thomas Snyder, World Sudoku champion |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/comics_games/sudoku/Thomas_Snyder__World_Sudoku_champion.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=October 21, 2007 |accessdate= October 21, 2007}}
49. ^{{cite news |title=Going for 2d, she wins 1st |first=Howard |last=Shapiro |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/65922787.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=October 25, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102064249/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/65922787.html |archivedate=2009-11-02 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}
50. ^{{cite news |title=Possible cheating probed at Sudoku National Championship |url=http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/20091027_Possible_cheating_probed_at_Sudoku_tournament.html |first=John |last=Timpane |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=October 27, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101002443/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20091027_Possible_cheating_probed_at_Sudoku_tournament.html |archivedate=2009-11-01 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}
51. ^{{cite news |title=3rd-place winner disqualified in sudoku scandal |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20091124_3d-place_winner_disqualified_in_Sudoku_scandal.html |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |date=November 24, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127061702/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20091124_3d-place_winner_disqualified_in_Sudoku_scandal.html |archivedate=2009-11-27 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}

Further reading

  • Delahaye, Jean-Paul, "The Science Behind Sudoku", Scientific American magazine, June 2006.
  • Provan, J. Scott, "Sudoku: Strategy Versus Structure", American Mathematical Monthly, October 2009. Published also as a University of North Carolina technical report UNC/STOR/08/04, 2008.

External links

{{Commons category|Sudoku}}
  • {{dmoz|Games/Puzzles/Brain_Teasers/Sudoku|Sudoku}} – An active listing of Sudoku links
  • 'Father of Sudoku' puzzles next move (BBC)

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