| 词条 | Pong Dam |
| 释义 |
| name = Pong Dam | name_official = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | location_map = India | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|31|58|17|N|75|56|48|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | country = India | location = Talwara | status = O | construction_began = 1961 | opening = 1974 | demolished = | cost = | owner = Bhakra Beas Management Board | dam_type = Embankment, earth-fill | dam_height = {{Convert|133|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_height_thalweg = | dam_height_foundation= | dam_length = {{Convert|1951|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_width_crest = {{Convert|13.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_width_base = {{Convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{Convert|35500000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}}[1] | dam_elevation_crest ={{Convert|435.86|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_crosses = Beas River | spillway_count = 6 x radial gates | spillway_type = Overflow gated chute | spillway_capacity = {{Convert|12375|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} | res_name = Maharana Pratap Sagar | res_capacity_total = {{Convert|8570000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_active = {{Convert|7290000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= | res_catchment = {{Convert|12560|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | res_surface = {{Convert|260|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | res_elevation ={{Convert|426.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | res_max_depth = | res_max_length ={{Convert|41.8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | res_max_width = | plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|95.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}[2] | res_tidal_range = | plant_operator = | plant_commission = 1978-1983[3] | plant_decommission = | plant_type = | plant_turbines = 6 x 66 MW Francis-type | plant_capacity = 396 MW | plant_annual_gen = | website = | extra = }} The Pong Dam, also known as the Beas Dam, is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Beas River in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, just upstream of Talwara. The purpose of the dam is water storage for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.[4] As the second phase of the Beas Project, construction on the dam began in 1961 and was completed in 1974. At the time of its completion, the Pong Dam was the tallest of its type in India.[3] The lake created by the dam, Maharana Pratap Sagar, became a renowned bird sanctuary.[5] BackgroundThe idea for a dam on the Beas at the Pong site was first proposed in 1926 and subsequent surveys of the Indus River and its tributaries were ordered by the Punjab Government in 1927. Interest in the dam declined after the report deemed the project difficult because of flood waters. In 1955, geological and hydrological studies were carried out on the Pong site and an embankment design was recommended. In 1959, extensive studies were carried out and recommended an embankment dam with a gravity section. A final design was issued and construction began in 1961 on the dam which was called Beas Project Unit II - Beas Dam. The Pandoh Dam {{Convert|140|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} upstream being the Beas Project Unit I.[7][6] It was completed in 1974 and the power station was later commissioned between 1978 and 1983.[1][3] About 150,000 people were displaced by the dam's large reservoir under a poorly planned and executed relocation program.[7] DesignThe Pong Dam is a {{Convert|133|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|1951|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long earth-fill embankment dam with a gravel shell. It is {{Convert|13.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide at its crest and {{Convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide at its base. The total volume of the dam is {{Convert|35500000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}} and its crest sits at an elevation of {{Convert|435.86|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. The dam's spillway is located on its southern bank and is a chute-type controlled by six radial gates. Its maximum discharge capacity is {{Convert|12375|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}. The reservoir created by the dam, Maharana Pratap Sagar, has a gross capacity of {{Convert|8570000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} of which {{Convert|7290000000|m3|acre feet|0|abbr=on}} is active (live) capacity. The reservoir has a normal elevation of {{Convert|426.72|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and catchment area of {{Convert|12560|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}. The reservoir reaches from the dam to {{Convert|41.8|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} upstream in length and covers a surface of {{Convert|260|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}}.[1] Located at the base of the dam is its power house. It is supplied with water via three penstocks which each meet a 66 MW Francis turbine-generator located inside the Bhatoli phakorian. The dam's elevation to the power house provides a maximum of {{Convert|95.1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} in hydraulic head.[2] Displacement of peopleThe large reservoir created by this dam resulted in a major displacement of people from the state of Himachal Pradesh. A total of 90,702 people were displaced and 339 villages affected.[8] The displaced people were to be resettled in Rajasthan. However, as of February 2014, 9732 requests for land allotment were still pending. Himachal Pradesh threatened Rajasthan that they will file a contempt of court in Supreme Court if land is not allotted.[9][10] See also{{stack|{{Portal|Himachal Pradesh|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
References{{Commons category|Pong Dam}}1. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|publisher=Central Water Commission|accessdate=22 November 2011}} {{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Pong Dam|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/webpages/projects.html#pong|publisher=Central Water Commission|accessdate=28 November 2011}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in India - Himachal Pradesh|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india-him-pradesh.htm|publisher=IndustCards|accessdate=27 November 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cwc.gov.in/main/webpages/other%20projects.html#bhakra |title= Central Water Commission Website}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Nirmal Tej|title=Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent : past and present|year=2005|publisher=Lehigh Univ. Press|location=Bethlehem, PA|isbn=0-934223-78-5|pages=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4RCXuoMotAC&pg=PA119&dq=Pong+Dam+india&hl=en&ei=xMHSTsqYK-bE2QWgsqzNDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Pong%20Dam%20india&f=false}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Developmental History of Beas Project|url=http://bhakra.nic.in/english/history_bsl_development.asp|publisher=Bhakra Beas Management Board|accessdate=27 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005156/http://bhakra.nic.in/english/history_bsl_development.asp|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|last=Mathur|first=Hari Mohan|title=Struggling to Regain Lost Livelihoods: The Case of People displaced by Pong Dam in India|url=http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:1340|publisher=RSP Document Centre|accessdate=28 November 2011|year=1995}} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = Himachal Pradesh: Pong Dam raises tempers in House - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Himachal-Pradesh-Pong-Dam-raises-tempers-in-House/articleshow/18998402.cms|website = The Times of India|accessdate = 2016-01-07}} 9. ^{{Cite web|title = Pong Dam rehabilitation: HP threatens legal action against Raj|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pong-dam-rehabilitation-hp-threatens-legal-action-against-raj-114022101318_1.html|accessdate = 2016-01-07}} 10. ^{{Cite web|title = Himachal Pradrsh govt to take up Pong Dam oustees issue with Rajasthan govt|url = http://www.niticentral.com/2015/02/18/himachal-ptadrsh-govt-to-take-up-pong-dam-oustees-issue-with-rajastab-govt-302055.html|website = India News Analysis Opinions on Niti Central|accessdate = 2016-01-07}} 7 : Dams in Himachal Pradesh|Hydroelectric power stations in Himachal Pradesh|Earth-filled dams|Dams completed in 1974|Dams on the Beas River|Embankment dams|Buildings and structures in Kangra district |
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