| 词条 | Sukhoi Su-33 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Sukhoi Su-33 ({{lang-ru|Сухой Су}}-33; NATO reporting name: Flanker-D) is an all-weather carrier-based twin-engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, derived from the Su-27 and initially known as the Su-27K. Compared with the Su-27, the Su-33 has a strengthened undercarriage and structure, folding wings and stabilators, all for carrier operations. The Su-33 has canards and its wings are larger than the Su-27 for increased lift. The Su-33 has upgraded engines and a twin nose wheel, and is air refuelable. First used in operations in 1995 aboard the aircraft carrier {{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}},{{#tag:ref|Officially, Admiral Kuznetsov is referred to as a "heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser" due to her heavy surface-to-surface and surface-to-air armament, as well as a way around an international treaty prohibiting aircraft carriers from sailing through the straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.[1]|group="N"}} the fighter officially entered service in August 1998, by which time the designation "Su-33" was used. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union and the subsequent downsizing of the Russian Navy, only 24 aircraft were produced. Attempted sales to China and India fell through. With plans to retire the Su-33 once they reach the end of their service life, the Russian Navy ordered the MiG-29K as a replacement in 2009. DevelopmentBackground and originsDuring the 1970s, the Yakovlev Yak-38, then the Soviet Navy's only operational carrier-based fixed-wing combat aircraft, was found to be unable to undertake its role due to limited range and payload, which severely hampered the capability of the Soviet Navy's Project 1143 carriers. It was decided to develop a bigger and more potent carrier capable of operating STOL aircraft. During the assessment period, a number of aircraft carriers were studied; the Project 1160 carrier would have been able to operate the MiG-23s and Su-24s, but was abandoned due to budget constraints. Design efforts were then concentrated on the Project 1153 carrier, which would have accommodated the Su-25s and the proposed MiG-23Ks and Su-27Ks. Sufficient funding was not secured, and the Navy looked at the possibility of a fifth, and larger, Project 1143 carrier, modified to allow for Yak-141, MiG-29K and Su-27K operations.[2][3] To prepare for the operations of the Su-27K and the rival MiG-29K on-board the new carrier, work proceeded on the development of the steam catapult, arresting gear, optical and radio landing systems. The pilots were trained at a new establishment in Crimea, named NITKA, for Aviation Research and Training Complex.[2][3][4] In 1981, the Soviet government ordered the abandonment of the catapult system as part of an overall downsize of Project 1143.5 carriers, which also included cancelling the fifth Project 1143 carrier and Varyag. A takeoff ramp was installed at the complex, where takeoffs would be executed to ensure that the Su-27Ks and MiG-29Ks would be able to operate from carriers.[5] Both Sukhoi and Mikoyan modified their prototypes to validate the takeoff ramp. Three Sukhoi T10s (−3, −24 and −25), along with an Su-27UB, were used for takeoffs from the simulated ramp. The first of these tests were undertaken by Nikolai Sadovnikov on 28 August 1982. Flight tests indicated the need for a change in ramp design, and it was modified to a ski-jump profile.[5] Conceptual designs of the Su-27K commenced in 1978.[2] On 18 April 1984, the Soviet government instructed Sukhoi to develop an air defence fighter; Mikoyan was ordered to build a lighter multirole fighter.[6] Full-scale design of the Su-27K soon started as the "T-10K" under the guidance of Konstantin Marbyshev. Nikolai Sadovnikov was appointed the design bureau's Chief Test Pilot for the programme. By November 1984, conceptual design had passed its critical design review, with the detailed design finalised in 1986. The two prototypes were constructed in conjunction with KnAAPO in 1986–1987.[3] TestingThe first Su-27K prototype, piloted by Viktor Pugachyov, made its maiden flight on 17 August 1987 at the NITKA facility; the second followed on 22 December.[3] Flight tests continued at NITKA, where Su-27Ks and MiG-29Ks demonstrated and validated the feasibility of ski-jump operations. The pilots also practised no-flare landings before making an actual landing on a carrier deck. It was another two years before Tbilisi, subsequently renamed Admiral Kuznetsov, left the shipyard.[7][3] Viktor Pugachyov, piloting the second Su-27K, became the first Russian to conventionally land aboard an aircraft carrier on 1 November 1989.[7][8] It was found that the carrier's jet blast deflectors were too close to the engine nozzles when raised at an angle of 60°; thus an improvised solution held the deflectors at 45°. However, when the aircraft was in front of it for longer than the maximum six seconds, the shield's water pipes exploded. The pilot, Pugachyov, reduced engine throttle, accidentally causing the detents (blocks used to restrain aircraft from accelerating) to retract and the fighter to move forwards. The aircraft was quickly stopped; Pugachyov later took off without the use of blast deflectors or detents. Since then, a Kamov Ka-27PS search-and-rescue helicopter was flown close to the carrier in case of an accident.[9] During the following three-week period, 227 sorties were amassed, along with 35 deck landings.[7] Flight testing continued afterwards, and on 26 September 1991, naval pilots began testing the Su-27K; by 1994, it had successfully passed the State Acceptance Trials.[5] During 1990–1991, seven production aircraft were rolled out.[7] Further developmentsThe first of two known versions of the Su-33, the twin-seat Su-33UB, made its first flight in April 1999. The aircraft, piloted by Viktor Pugachyov and Sergey Melnikov, flew for 40 minutes near Ramenskoye Airport. The Su-33UB (Initially named as Su-27KUB, "Korabelny Uchebno-Boevo", or "carrier combat trainer") was planned to be a trainer, but with the potential to fill other roles.[10] Notable improvements over the Su-33 included a revised forward fuselage and leading edge slats, bigger wings and stabilators.[11] In 2010, Sukhoi developed an updated version of the Su-33; flight trials began in October 2010.[12][13] This modernised Su-33 was to compete with a potential Chinese indigenous version of the original Su-33, and to encourage orders from the Russian Navy.[14] Major upgrades to the aircraft included more powerful (132 kN, 29,800 lbf) AL-31-F-M1 engines and a larger weapons carriage; upgrades to the radar and weapons were not possible at the time due to funding constraints.[15] According to military author Richard Fisher, it has been speculated that further modifications to a new production batch would include a phased-array radar, thrust-vectoring nozzles, and long-range anti-ship missiles.[15] DesignTo adapt the original Su-27 for naval operations, Sukhoi first incorporated a reinforced structure and undercarriage to withstand the great stress experienced upon landing, particularly quick descents and non-flare landings (landings where the aircraft does not 'float' and slow its descent rate just prior to touchdown).[30] The leading edge slats, flaperons and other control surfaces are enlarged to provide increased lift and manoeuvrability at low speeds, although the wingspan remains unchanged.[31] The wings feature double-slotted flaps and outboard drooping ailerons; in total, the refinements enlarge the wing area by 10–12%.[16] The wings and stabilators are modified for folding to maximise the number of aircraft the carrier can accommodate and to allow ease of movement on deck.[16] The aircraft is outfitted with more powerful turbofan engines to increase thrust-to-weight ratio, as well as an in-flight refuelling probe.[16] The Su-33 sports canards that shorten the take-off distance and improve manoeuvrability, but have required reshaping of the leading edge root extensions (LERX).[17] The rear radome is shortened and reshaped to prevent its striking the deck during high-Alpha (angle of attack) landings.[18] Compared with the rival MiG-29K, the Su-33's maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) is 50% higher; fuel capacity is more than double, allowing it to fly 80% further at altitude (or 33% at sea level). The MiG-29K can spend as much time as the Su-33 on station by using external fuel tanks, but this limits its ordnance capacity.[20] The Su-33 can fly at speeds as low as {{convert|240|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, in comparison the MiG-29K needs to maintain a minimum of {{convert|250|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} for effective control.[16] However, the MiG-29K carries more air-to-ground munitions than the Su-33.[16] The Su-33 is more expensive and physically larger than the MiG-29K, limiting the numbers able to be deployed on an aircraft carrier.[2]{{#tag:ref|Aviation authors Bill Gunston and Yefim Gordon characterised the rejection of the MiG-29K for the Su-33 as "astonishing", noting that the Su-33 was more expensive and incapable of launching missiles against surface targets.[21] However, some analysts stated the view that the MiG-29K was only a fall-back option if the Su-33 had proven to be too heavy for carrier operations; and that the Soviet Navy was only interested in fleet air defence, not strike or attack capabilities.[22]|group=N}} The Su-33 carries guided missiles such as the R-73 (four) and R-27E (six) on twelve hardpoints, supplemented by the 150-round 30 mm GSh-30-1.[16][23] It can carry an assortment of unguided rockets, bombs and cluster bombs for secondary air-to-ground missions.[16][23] The aircraft can be used in both night and day operations at sea. The radar used, "Slot Back", has been speculated to have poor multi-target tracking, making the Su-33 reliant on other radar platforms and airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft like the Kamov Ka-31 early-warning helicopter.[18] The R-27EM missiles have the capability to intercept anti-ship missiles. The infra-red search and track (IRST) system is placed to provide better downward visibility.[17] Operational historySoviet Union and RussiaThe Su-27K entered service in the mid-1990s. From December 1995 to March 1996, Admiral Kuznetsov set sail in the Mediterranean Sea, carrying two Su-25UTGs, nine Ka-27s, and 13 Su-27Ks.[24][3][25] However, the aircraft officially entered service 31 August 1998 with the 279th Naval Fighter Regiment of the Northern Fleet based at Severomorsk-3, by which time it was officially designated the "Su-33".[24] The Russian Navy currently operates 19 Su-33s, however in the long term these need to be replaced.[26] With the break-up of the Soviet Union, the Russian Navy was dramatically downsized, with many shipbuilding programmes stopped. Had {{ship|Soviet aircraft carrier|Varyag||2}}, Oryol and {{ship|Soviet aircraft carrier|Ulyanovsk||2}} been commissioned, a total of 72 production airframes would have been built; the early-airborne warning and MiG-29K would also have proceed, instead of being abandoned.[5] Only 24 examples were built at the time Varyag was sold to China.[7] In 2009, the Russian Navy announced an order for 24 MiG-29Ks to replace the Su-33, to be delivered from 2011 to 2015.[26][27] However, in 2015, Major-General Igor Kozhin, the Commander of the Navy's Air and Air Defense Forces, announced that a second fighter regiment would be formed to augment the current force, with the intention that the MiG-29s be used by this new unit, with the existing Su-33s refurbished for further use.[28][29] A contract for the installation of the SVP-24 targeting system on the Su-33s was signed in the spring 2016. The first modernized aircraft was delivered as of September of the same year.[30] Deliveries of upgraded engines for Su-33 started in 2017.[31] Failed bidsInternationally, the People’s Republic of China was identified as a possible export customer. Russia's state weapons exporter, Rosoboronexport, was previously negotiating an order of 50 aircraft totalling US$2.5 billion.[32] China would have initially acquired two aircraft worth $100 million for testing and then have further options to acquire an additional 12–48 aircraft. The fighters were intended to be used with the fledgling Chinese aircraft carrier programme, with the former Soviet carrier Varyag as the centrepiece.[33][34] At the sixth Zhuhai Airshow in late 2006, Lieutenant General Aleksander Denisov publicly confirmed at a news conference that China had approached Russia for the possible purchase of Su-33s, and negotiations were to start in 2007. On 1 November 2006, the Xinhua News Agency published the information on its military website that China planned to introduce the Su-33.[35] China had previously obtained a manufacturing license for Su-27 production.[36] Sukhoi is working on a more advanced version, the Su-33K, a development to integrate the advanced technologies of the Su-35 fighters into the older Su-33 airframe.[35] However, worries over other Chinese intentions emerged when it was reported that China had acquired one of the T-10Ks, a Su-33 prototype, from Ukraine, potentially to study and reverse engineer a domestic version.[37] Various aircraft are alleged to have originated partially from the Su-33, such as the Shenyang J-15.[38][39][40] Photos of Shenyang aircraft designers posing in front of a T-10K carrier based fighter prototype strongly suggest that the J-15 is directly related to T-10K.[41] Negotiations stagnated as the Shenyang Aircraft company sought to reduce Russian content in the aircraft, while Sukhoi wanted to ensure a level of income from future upgrades and modifications made to the J-11.[37] India was also viewed as another potential operator of the Su-33. The Indian Navy planned to acquire the Su-33 for its aircraft carrier, {{INS|Vikramaditya}}, the refurbished Soviet {{ship|Soviet aircraft carrier|Admiral Gorshkov||2}}, which was sold to India in 2004.[42] In the end, the rival MiG-29K was opted for, because of the Su-33's outdated avionics.[11][43][44] The size of the Su-33 reportedly led to concerns over potential difficulties in operating it off the Indian carriers, a constraint not shared by the smaller MiG-29K.[45][46] Combat historyOn 15 November 2016, Sukhoi Su-33 fighter jets began conducting combat flights over Syria from Admiral Kuznetsov{{'}}s flight deck in the ongoing Syrian civil war.[47] On 5 December 2016, it was reported that a Su-33 had crashed into the Mediterranean Sea after it failed to land on the carrier for a second time due to an arrestor cable problem.[48][49] Operators
Notable accidents
Specifications{{Aircraft specifications
See also{{Portal|Aviation}}{{aircontent|see also= |related=
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|lists= }} ReferencesNotes1. ^Gordon 1999, pp. 70–71. 2. ^1 2 3 Williams 2002, p. 126. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Sukhoi Su-33: Historical background|publisher=Sukhoi|url=http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su33/history/|accessdate=2 July 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513212625/http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su33/history/|archivedate=13 May 2011|df=dmy-all}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|title=Flanker poised for navy go-ahead|magazine=Flight International|location=London|publisher=Reed Business Information|issue=4429|volume=146|page=16|date=13–19 July 1994|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%201642.html|accessdate=5 July 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6J68ej6zx?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1994/1994%20-%201642.html|archivedate=23 August 2013|issn=0015-3710|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 5. ^1 2 3 Eden 2004, p. 462. 6. ^Williams 2002, p. 127. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 Williams 2002, p. 129. 8. ^Gordon 1999, p. 80. 9. ^Gordon 1999, p. 66. 10. ^ {{Cite journal|last=Velovich|first=Alexander|title=Twin-seat naval Flanker flies|magazine=Flight International|location=London|publisher=Reed Business Information|date=2–8 June 1999|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%201541.html|issue=4679|volume=155|page=17|accessdate=2 October 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131002040158/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%201541.html|archivedate=2 October 2013|issn=0015-3710|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^1 Williams 2002, p. 131. 12. ^{{cite web|last=van Leeuwen|first=Marcel|url=http://www.aviationnews.eu/2010/10/07/sukhoi-begins-flight-trials-of-modernized-su-33-fighters/|accessdate=2 July 2011|title=Sukhoi begins flight trials of modernized Su-33 fighters|work=Aviationnews.eu|date=7 October 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6J68ncJ9X?url=http://www.aviationnews.eu/2010/10/07/sukhoi-begins-flight-trials-of-modernized-su-33-fighters/|archivedate=23 August 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/military_news/20101005/160836124.html |title=Russia's Sukhoi begins Su-33 Flanker-D trials|agency=RIA Novosti|date=5 October 2010|accessdate=9 April 2013}} 14. ^Fisher 2008, pp. 190–191. 15. ^1 Fisher 2008, p. 191. 16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Williams 2002, p. 128. 17. ^1 2 {{cite web|last= Kopp|first=Carlo|title=Sukhoi Fullback|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Fullback-P.pdf|work=Australian Aviation|date=November 2004|pages=2–7|location=Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory|publisher=Phantom Media|format=PDF|accessdate=3 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505065610/http://ausairpower.net/TE-Fullback-P.pdf|archivedate=5 May 2012|issn=0813-0876}} 18. ^1 Eden 2004, p. 463. 19. ^{{Cite news|title=U.S. poised to rescue Russian sailors|work=Washington Times|date=11 January 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|url=http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2015-news/august-2015-navy-naval-forces-defense-industry-technology-maritime-security-global-news/3042-russian-navy-to-form-second-aircraft-carrier-aviation-regiment-with-mig-29kkub.html |title=Russian Navy to Form Second Aircraft Carrier Aviation Regiment with MiG-29K/KUB |author= |date=26 August 2015 |website=navyrecognition.com |publisher= |access-date=17 November 2015 |quote=}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12007494@egNews |title=In 2015 naval aviation to receive more than 20 MiG-29K aircraft |author= |date= |publisher=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |access-date=17 November 2015 |quote=}} 30. ^{{Cite news|last=Ramm|first=Alexey|url=http://iz.ru/news/630104|title=ВМФ России ударит по террористам в Сирии с особой точностью|newspaper=Izvestia|date=2 September 2016|language=Russian|accessdate=18 July 2017}} 31. ^http://tass.com/defense/953685 32. ^{{cite web | work = Kommersant | date = 23 October 2006 | url = http://www.kommersant.com/p715509/r_528/China_jet_fighters_export/ | title = Russia to Deliver Su-33 Fighters to China | accessdate = 2 July 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606100131/http://www.kommersant.com/p715509/r_528/China_jet_fighters_export/ | archivedate = 6 June 2011 | df = dmy-all }} 33. ^{{Cite news|title=China to Buy Su-33 Carrier-Based Fighters from Russia?|work=Defense Industry Daily|date=25 November 2012|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/china-to-buy-su33-carrierbased-fighters-from-russia-02806/|accessdate=9 April 2013}} 34. ^{{Cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|title=China extending military reach|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13761711|date=14 June 2011|accessdate=4 July 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6J690Fivb?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13761711|archivedate=23 August 2013|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^1 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2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6J690oPoY?url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-russia-shrugs-off-chinese-su-33-copy-344893/|archivedate=23 August 2013|quote=Instead, industry sources believe that it bought a Su-33 prototype from Ukraine and started using that as a prototype for its development, which has been tagged the Shenyang J-15.|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 40. ^{{Cite journal| author1=David A., Fulghum|author2=Sweetman, Bill|author3=Perrett, Bradley|title=Heavy Contender|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=9 May 2011|pages=35–37|volume=173|issue=16|quote=The J-15 is based on the J-11B, Shenyang's unlicensed and indigenously adapted version of the Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker, and resembles its Russian equivalent, the ship-based Su-33...}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://airforceworld.com/pla/J-15-naval-carrier-based-fighter-su-33-china.htm|title=J-15 fighter based on T-10K prototype|date=27 September 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Citations{{Reflist|25em}}Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons category|Sukhoi Su-33}}
6 : Canard aircraft|Carrier-based aircraft|Soviet fighter aircraft 1980–1989|Sukhoi aircraft|Twinjets|Aircraft first flown in 1987 |
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