“Portland Waterfront strike, 1922”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Portland Waterfront strike of 1922 was a labor strike conducted by the International Longshoremen's Association which took place in Portland, Oregon from late April to late June 1922. The strike was ineffective at closing down the Port of Portland due to strikebreakers, and on June 22 the strike ended with the employers dictating terms.

Background

The Wobblies

The Industrial Workers of the World union, also known as the IWW or the Wobblies, was founded in 1905. They were one of the most active unions in America, and they strongly opposed World War I. The Wobblies showed up in Oregon around the 1907 in logging and millworkers, and they found their center in Portland. The Wobblies were the scandalous group in Portland at the time, because their leader was accused of murder making other unions distance themselves from them.^[1]

Their reputation did not get better over time, but actually got worse. The members of the IWW were involved in crime and seedy brothels scenes, which did not help them improve their name. In 1913 Political power took over to rid the brothels, and in 1916 the saloons as well. During 1917 the government became suspicious of all the conflict of the lumber camps and sawmill, and decided to turn over the logging industry to the control of U.S. Army. Then the Wobblies lost their meeting hall when Oregon passed "criminal syndicalism" law in 1919 that made it so they could no longer organize.^[2]

In 1920 many of the Wobblies who weren't killed or jailed changed trades from the lumber industry to maritime work. These men started working as sailors or longshoremen, and joined unions like the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) and the Sailors' Union of the Pacific (SUP). The Wobblies brought their industrial unionism with them by song and file membership, but the leaders of the maritime unions kept their tradition of craft unionism.^[3]

The ILA

The International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) was established in Portland Oregon around 1909, and it was not a strong union yet. The whole reason why this union was established was to fight the seamen who had begun to do longshoremen's work. The seamen had a contract with ship owners that stated that they could work a ship even if the longshoremen were part of a union. This is how the ILA got their foot in the door in Portland, Oregon.^[4]

The ILA was the original union in Portland, and they were a craft union. The only way for people to be able to be in this union was either to be related to one of the longshoremen or to be friendly with longshoremen. The men who were nonunion members got the toughest jobs, while the union members got it easy. There was only around 250 unionized longshoremen, and there was 800 affiliated nonunion member. These standards to obtain membership into their union would make it difficult for former Wobblies to get in.^[5]

The strike

In 1922 the strike began when the ILA's contract with the employers of the longshoremen ended, and the employers told their employees that they would be taking charge of who they were going to be hiring. This meant that the employer could hire nonunion workers before union members, and would make it difficult for the 250 union members to get employment from their former bosses. The ILA members walked out on strike, closing the Port of Portland for a week, but the employers brought in strike breakers, who slept on a ship in order to avoid crossing the picket line.^[6]

Many of the strike breakers were the Wobblies who were unable to join the ILA union, because they were not friends or related to the longshoremen in that union. They used breaking the strike to get back at the ILA union members, and violence soon broke out between strikers and strike breakers. The violence led to the employers to getting a court order that stopped any gatherings of union members in certain places.^[7]

The strike of 1922 on the Portland, OR waterfront started at the end of April until the end of June. The longshoremen of ILA accused the employers of trying to take control of the loading and unloading the cargo by forcing their own employment system to do all the hiring. The longshoremen nicked named the new system Fink Hall, and they thought this would destroy their union. This new hiring system was the last straw for the longshoremen of ILA, and it was why they went on strike.^[8]

The strike ended on the 22nd of June with the employers laying down the terms of the strike ending. They made it to where there was one hall that did joint hiring of both non-union and union hiring, and it was supposed to be a fair way of hiring without having two separate hiring halls to hire workers. The hall had union and non-union representatives in it to keep the hiring as fair as possible.^[9]

Aftermath

The ILA union gained nothing from this strike, and they were only able to put the waterfront out of commission for a week. In this strike the employer was the real champion, because they were able to put a stop to the ILA union itself. After 1922 ILA was not longer operational in Portland, and all that remained of the union was the name International Longshoremen Association. The employers had killed the unions on the Portland waterfront, and for now had nothing to worry about when it came to hiring their dock workers. This new system of hiring would create new conflict that would rise again in another 11 years, and would be a reference for the Portland water strike of 1933.^[10]

The Wobblies were also winners of this strike, because they had been a part of the strike breakers. When they went to the hiring hall they were chosen over the ILA workers, and this would also help the conflict grow over the years into 1933. Two conflicting unions that were now un- operational, because of employers wanting to take control over the hiring system. They were forced to compete for work now in the maritime trade, and the conflict would grow between the workers.^[11]

Historical significance

The Portland Waterfront strike of 1922 showed that employers could overpower the union, and that they did not have to give in to the demands of the strikers. This strike also showed that it was easy for the employers to take a union, and crush it just by using their own hiring hall. This strike really lays the ground for the bigger Portland water strike that takes place in 1934, because a lot of these issues were never resolved during 1922. Allowing the tension between union and non-union workers build and build until they finally have a breaking point in 1934.

Further reading

Chandler, JD and JB Fisher.Portland on The Take. Charleston: The History Press 2014.

Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and The Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Pilcher, William W. The Portland Longshoremen: A Dispersed Urban Community. New York: State University College at Brockport, 1972.

References

1. ^Adam Hodges, "Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)" http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/industrial_workers_of_the_world_iww_/#.VWVYUs9Viko.
2. ^Adam Hodges, "Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)"http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/industrial_workers_of_the_world_iww_/#.VWVYUs9Viko.
3. ^JD Chandler and JB Fisher, Portland on the Take (South Carolina: The History Press, 2014), 17.
4. ^"The ILWU Story," International Longshore and Warehouse, 2015, https://www.ilwu.org/history/the-ilwu-story/.
5. ^William W. Pilcher, The Portland Longshoremen: A dispersed Urban Community (Stanford University, 1972), 32.
6. ^Finn J D. John, "Union squabbles were part of life on Portland waterfront," http://offbeatoregon.com/1303e-union-squabbles-on-portland-waterfront.html.
7. ^Finn J D. John, "Union squabbles were part of life on Portland waterfront," http://offbeatoregon.com/1303e-union-squabbles-on-portland-waterfront.html.
8. ^"Union Officials Testify," Seattle Daily Times (Seattle, Washington), May 12, 1922.
9. ^Finn J D. John, "Union squabbles were part of life on Portland waterfront," http://offbeatoregon.com/1303e-union-squabbles-on-portland-waterfront.html.
10. ^William W. Pilcher, The Portland Longshoremen: A dispersed Urban Community (Stanford University, 1972), 32.
11. ^William W. Pilcher, The Portland Longshoremen: A dispersed Urban Community (Stanford University, 1972), 32.