| 词条 | Port Sunlight War Memorial |
| 释义 |
The Port Sunlight War Memorial stands in a central position in the model village of Port Sunlight, Wirral, Merseyside, England. The founder of the village and employer of its residents, William Lever, was anxious to have a memorial to commemorate those of his workers who had been lost in the First World War. As early as 1916 he commissioned Goscombe John to design a war memorial, which was completed and unveiled in 1921 by two of his employees. It consists of a granite runic cross with bronze statues and reliefs and has the theme "Defence of the Realm". On the memorial are the names of all of the company's employees who died as a result of both World Wars. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. HistoryPort Sunlight is the site of a soap factory founded by William Lever (1851–1925) who also created a model village for his workers. During the First World War Lever was chairman of the Empire War Memorial League, and was anxious to have a war memorial in Port Sunlight. He was concerned that at the end of the war the best sculptors would have been engaged to work on war memorials, and as early as 1916 he commissioned Goscombe John to design a memorial for the village. Lever had been concerned that England would be invaded and at the start of the First World War, although he was then aged 63, he joined the Birkenhead and District Volunteer Training Corps (the forerunner of what would become the Home Guard in the Second World War). Consequently, the theme of the memorial was to be the "Defence of the Realm", an unusual theme for war memorials. As an invasion would threaten the people left at home, Lever was keen to invoke a sense of social cohesion, and so figures of women and children would be included in the memorial as well as military personnel.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|pp=153–160|ps=}} Goscombe John exhibited some sketches and models for the memorial's figures at the 1919 and 1920 exhibitions of the Royal Academy. When the final choices were made by Lever and members of his local committee they were cast at the foundry of A. B. Burton at Thames Ditton, and the memorial was built by William Kirkpatrick Limited of Manchester. Over 4,000 of Lever's employees had served in the war and, of these, 503 had been killed. Initially it had been planned that the names of all those who had served would be incorporated in the memorial, but this was impractical, and only the names of those killed were included. The memorial was unveiled on 3 December 1921. It was decided that the ceremony should be carried out, not by an eminent personality, but by employees who had served. A ballot of all the Lever ex-servicemen was held, and those chosen were Sergeant Eames, who had been blinded at the battle of the Somme, and Private Robert Cruickshank who had been awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in Palestine.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|pp=153–160|ps=}} A Pathe Newsreel recording this event can be viewed on YouTube http://www.britishpathe.com/video/blind-hero-unveils-memorial/query/William DescriptionThe memorial stands in the most prominent position in the centre of the village, at the intersection of its broadest avenues, The Causeway and The Diamond.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=155|ps=}}{{sfnp|Hartwell|Hyde|Hubbard|Pevsner|2011|p=537|ps=}} It is made in granite, with sculptures and reliefs in bronze. At the centre is a runic cross. This stands on an octagonal plinth, on which are the statues of eleven figures. There are inscriptions on the sides of the plinth. Around the plinth is an enclosure with four seating areas, and it is surrounded by a circular parapet. The parapet is broken by four flights of steps. Flanking the tops of the steps are reliefs of groups of children holding wreathes; all the reliefs are different. On each of the four sections of the parapet facing the road is a relief depicting an aspect of the services. Between the flights of steps are flower beds.{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} The monument is about {{convert|11.6|m|ft|0}} high, and overall has a diameter of about {{convert|22.4|m|ft|0}}. The reliefs of children are about {{convert|161|cm|ft|1}} high and those depicting the services are about {{convert|128|cm|ft|1}} high.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=153|ps=}} The figures on the plinth depict three soldiers, one of whom is wounded and is being attended by a nurse; a seated woman cradling a group of infants; a frightened girl with her brother; and a Boy Scout. These figures are all larger than life size.{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} The reliefs on the parapet depict respectively the Naval, the Military, the Anti-Aircraft and the Red Cross Services.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=154|ps=}} On the front of the plinth are two inscriptions. The one at the top reads:{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} {{Quotation|THE MEMORIAL ERECTED BY LEVER BROTHERS LIMITED AND THE COMPANY'S EMPLOYEES IN ALL PARTS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND IN ALLIED COUNTRIES WAS UNVEILED ON DECEMBER 3RD 1921 BY SERGEANT E.G. EAMES OF PORT SUNLIGHT WHO LOST HIS SIGHT AT THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME IN FRANCE 1916 AND BY PRIVATE R.E. CRUISHANK OF THE LONDON BRANCH OFFICE WHO WAS AWARDED THE VICTORIA CROSS IN 1918 FOR CONSPICUOUS BRAVERY AND DEVOTION TO DUTY IN PALESTINE.}} and at the bottom the inscription reads:{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} {{Quotation|THE NAMES OF ALL THOSE WHO SERVED NUMBERING OVER FOUR THOUSAND ARE RECORDED IN A BOOK DEPOSITED BENEATH THIS STONE AND ALSO IN SIMILAR BOOKS PLACED IN CHRIST CHURCH AND IN THE LADY LEVER ART GALLERY.}} On the back of the plinth, at the top is the inscription:{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} {{Quotation|THESE ARE NOT DEAD SUCH SPIRITS NEVER DIE. ON THE ADJOINING PANELS ARE INSCRIBED THE NAMES OF THOSE FROM THE OFFICES AND WORKS OF LEVER BROTHERS LIMITED AND THEIR ASSOCIATED COMPANIES OVERSEAS AND ALSO FROM PORT SUNLIGHT WHO LAID DOWN THEIR LIVES IN THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919.}} and on the lower part of the plinth are the dates 1939–1945.{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} Around the outside of the parapet is carved the following:{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} {{Quotation|DULCE ET DECORUM EST PRO PATRIA MORI{{efn|This is a quotation from the Odes of Horace that translates "To die for the fatherland is sweet and becoming".{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=255|ps=}}}} THEIR NAME SHALL REMAIN FOR EVER AND THEIR GLORY SHALL NOT BE BLOTTED OUT.{{efn|This is adapted from Ecclesiasticus, chapter 44, verse 13.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=159|ps=}}}}}} and on the back of each of the four seats is inscribed "TO OUR GLORIOUS DEAD".{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} On all the other sides of the plinth are the names of those who were lost in both world wars.{{sfn|National Recording Project|ps=}} AppraisalThe memorial was designated as a Grade II listed building on 20 December 1965. The designation was raised to Grade I on 28 October 2014.{{sfnp|Historic England|1343491|ps=}} Grade I is the highest of the three grades of listing and is applied to "buildings of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important".{{sfn|Historic England|ps=}} When the models were shown at the Royal Academy exhibitions, it was their realism that most impressed the critics. But it was not to everyone's liking. Some critics thought that they were too real in appearance for their intended surroundings.{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=157|ps=}} And they were not to the taste of the company's architect, James Lomax-Simpson who thought the composition was too complicated, and would have preferred something "more straightforward, more symbolical and monumental".{{sfnp|Morris|Roberts|2012|p=159|ps=}} The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner considered that it is a memorial that is "genuinely moving and which avoids sentimentality".{{sfnp|Pevsner|Hubbard|2003|p=309|ps=}} Hartwell et al. in the Buildings of England series say "It is deeply moving".{{sfnp|Hartwell|Hyde|Hubbard|Pevsner|2011|p=537|ps=}} See also{{portal|Merseyside}}
Notes{{notelist}}ReferencesCitationsSources{{refbegin}}
5 : Monuments and memorials in Merseyside|Grade I listed buildings in Merseyside|World War I memorials in the United Kingdom|World War II memorials in England|Buildings and structures completed in 1921 |
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