1. Formation and characteristics

2. Terminology

3. Etymology

4. History
    Greece  Rome  Wars of the Roses  Jakob Hutter  Vädersolstavlan  Rome, 1629 and 1630  Danzig 1661  St Petersburg 1790  Newfoundland 1843  Great Sioux War of 1876–77 

5. See also

6. References

7. Further reading

8. External links

A sun dog (or sundog) or mock sun, formally called a parhelion^[1] (plural parhelia) in meteorology, is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a bright spot to one or both sides of the Sun. Two sun dogs often flank the Sun within a 22° halo.

The sun dog is a member of the family of halos, caused by the refraction of sunlight by ice crystals in the atmosphere. Sun dogs typically appear as a pair of subtly colored patches of light, around 22° to the left and right of the Sun, and at the same altitude above the horizon as the Sun. They can be seen anywhere in the world during any season, but are not always obvious or bright. Sun dogs are best seen and most conspicuous when the Sun is near the horizon.

Formation and characteristics

Sun dogs are commonly caused by the refraction and scattering of light from plate-shaped hexagonal ice crystals either suspended in high and cold cirrus or cirrostratus clouds, or drifting in freezing moist air at low levels as diamond dust.^[2] The crystals act as prisms, bending the light rays passing through them with a minimum deflection of 22°. As the crystals gently float downwards with their large hexagonal faces almost horizontal, sunlight is refracted horizontally, and sun dogs are seen to the left and right of the Sun. Larger plates wobble more, and thus produce taller sundogs.^[3]

Sun dogs are red-colored at the side nearest the Sun; farther out the colors grade through oranges to blue. The colors overlap considerably and are muted, never pure or saturated.^[4] The colors of the sun dog finally merge into the white of the parhelic circle (if the latter is visible).^[5]

The same plate-shaped ice crystals that cause sun dogs are also responsible for the colorful circumzenithal arc, meaning that these two types of halo tend to co-occur.^[6] The latter is often missed by viewers, since it is located more or less directly overhead. Another halo variety often seen together with sun dogs is the 22° halo, which forms a ring at roughly the same angular distance from the sun as the sun dogs, thus appearing to interconnect them. As the Sun rises higher, the rays passing through the plate crystals are increasingly skewed from the horizontal plane, causing their angle of deviation to increase and the sun dogs to move farther from the 22° halo, while staying at the same elevation.^[7]

It is possible to predict the forms of sun dogs as would be seen on other planets and moons. Mars might have sun dogs formed by both water-ice and CO₂-ice. On the gas giant planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—other crystals form clouds of ammonia, methane, and other substances that can produce halos with four or more sun dogs.^[8]

Terminology

A somewhat common misconception among the general public is to refer to any member of the ice halo family as a "sun dog" (especially the 22° halo, being one of the most common varieties). However, sun dogs represent just one of many different types of halos. For referring to the atmospheric phenomenon in general, the term (ice crystal) halo(s) is more appropriate.

Etymology

The exact etymology of sun dog largely remains a mystery. The Oxford English Dictionary states it as being "of obscure origin".^[9]

In Abram Palmer's 1882 book Folk-etymology: A Dictionary of Verbal Corruptions Or Words Perverted in Form Or Meaning, by False Derivation Or Mistaken Analogy, sun-dogs are defined:

(Dog in English as a verb can mean "hunt, track, or follow",^[11] so Dog the true [sun] has meant track the true [sun] since the 1510s.^[12])

Alternatively, Jonas Persson suggested that out of Norse mythology and archaic names — {{lang-da|solhunde}} (sun dog), {{lang-no|solhund}} (sun dog), {{lang-sv|solvarg}} (sun wolf) — in the Scandinavian languages, constellations of two wolves hunting the Sun and the Moon, one after and one before, may be a possible origin for the term.^[13]

In the Anglo-Cornish dialect of Cornwall, United Kingdom, sun dogs are known as weather dogs (described as "a short segment of a rainbow seen on the horizon, foreshowing foul weather"). It is also known as a lagas in the sky which comes from the Cornish language term for the sun dog {{lang|kw|lagas awel}} meaning 'weather's eye' ({{lang|kw|lagas}}, 'eye' and {{lang|kw|awel}}, 'weather/wind'). This is in turn related to the Anglo-Cornish term cock's eye for a halo round the sun or the moon, also a portent of bad weather.^[15]

History

Greece

The poet Aratus (Phaenomena 880–891) mentions parhelia as part of his catalogue of Weather Signs; according to him, they can indicate rain, wind, or an approaching storm.^[17]

Rome

A passage in Cicero's On the Republic (54–51 BC) is one of many by Greek and Roman authors who refer to sun dogs and similar phenomena:

The 2nd century Roman writer and philosopher Apuleius in his Apologia XV says "What is the cause of the prismatic colours of the rainbow, or of the appearance in heaven of two rival images of the sun, with sundry other phenomena treated in a monumental volume by Archimedes of Syracuse."{{Citation needed|reason=no reference given, is this original research?|date=January 2015}}

Wars of the Roses

The prelude to the Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire, England in 1461 is supposed to have involved the appearance of a halo display with three "suns". The Yorkist commander, later Edward IV of England, convinced his initially frightened troops that it represented the three sons of the Duke of York, and Edward's troops won a decisive victory. The event was dramatized by William Shakespeare in King Henry VI, Part 3,^[21] and by Sharon Kay Penman in The Sunne In Splendour.

Jakob Hutter

Possibly the earliest clear description of sun dogs is by Jacob Hutter, who wrote in his Brotherly Faithfulness: Epistles from a Time of Persecution:

The observation most likely occurred in Auspitz (Hustopeče), Moravia on 31 October 1533. The original was written in German and is from a letter originally sent in November 1533 from Auspitz in Moravia to the Adige Valley in Tyrol. The Kuntz Maurer and Michel Schuster mentioned in the letter left Hutter on the Thursday after the feast day of Simon and Jude, which is 28 October. The Thursday after was 30 October.^[23] It is likely that the "two rainbows with their backs turned toward each other, almost touching" involved two further halo phenomena, possibly a circumzenithal arc (prone to co-occur with sun dogs) together with a partial 46° halo or supralateral arc.^[24]

Vädersolstavlan

While mostly known and often quoted for being the oldest color depiction of the city of Stockholm, Vädersolstavlan (Swedish; "The Sundog Painting", literally "The Weather Sun Painting") is arguably{{Citation needed|reason=no reference given, is this original research?|date=January 2015}} also one of the oldest known depictions of a halo display, including a pair of sun dogs. For two hours in the morning of 20 April 1535, the skies over the city were filled with white circles and arcs crossing the sky, while additional suns (i.e., sun dogs) appeared around the sun. The phenomenon quickly resulted in rumours of an omen of God's forthcoming revenge on King Gustav Vasa (1496–1560) for having introduced Protestantism during the 1520s and for being heavy-handed with his enemies allied with the Danish king.{{Citation needed|reason=no reference given, is this original research?|date=January 2015}}

Hoping to end speculations, the Chancellor and Lutheran scholar Olaus Petri (1493–1552) ordered a painting to be produced documenting the event. When confronted with the painting, the king, however, interpreted it as a conspiracy – the real sun of course being himself threatened by competing fake suns, one being Olaus Petri and the other the clergyman and scholar Laurentius Andreae (1470–1552), both thus accused of treachery, but eventually escaping capital punishment. The original painting is lost, but a copy from the 1630s survives and can still be seen in the church Storkyrkan in central Stockholm.

Rome, 1629 and 1630

A series of complex parhelia displays in Rome in 1629, and again in 1630, were described by Christoph Scheiner in his book Parhelia, one of the earliest works on the subject. It had a profound effect, causing René Descartes to interrupt his metaphysical studies and led to his work of natural philosophy called The World.^[25]

Danzig 1661

On 20 February 1661 the people of Danzig witnessed a complex halo display, described by Georg Fehlau in a pamphlet, the Sevenfold Sun Miracle, and again the following year by Johannes Hevelius in his book, Mercurius in Sole visus Gedani.

St Petersburg 1790

On 18 June 1790 {{Interlanguage link multi|Johan Tobias Lowitz|de}}, in St Petersburg, observed a complex display of haloes and parhelia which included his Lowitz arcs.

Newfoundland 1843

In 1843, winter in the British Colony of Newfoundland was referred to as the 'Winter of Three Suns' and was unusually cold with 15 days of temperatures between 3–10 degrees below zero.^[26]

Great Sioux War of 1876–77

"Part of the time we marched in the teeth of a biting storm of snow, and at every hour of the day the sun could be discerned sulking behind soft grey mists in company with rivals, known in the language of the plains as 'Sun-dogs', whose parahelic splendors warned the traveler of the approach of the ever-to-be-dreaded 'blizzard'."^[27]

See also

• 22° halo
• Anthelion
• Atmospheric optics
• Circumhorizontal arc
• Corona (optical phenomenon)
• Crown flash
• False sunrise
• False sunset
• Infralateral arc
• Light pillar
• Liljequist parhelion
• Miracle of the Sun
• Moon dog

References

Further reading

• {{citation

External links

• Sundogs – Parhelia, Explanations and Images
• Starry Night Photography – Sun Dog, Sun Halo, Moon Halo
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMSnDKnNiI4 Photo slideshow]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIlNE1uzJRM 4 point Sun dog with complete 360 degree ring in Shubarkurduk, Kazachstan]
• [https://www.iol.co.za/news/science/rare-sun-halo-appears-690877 Rare sun halo appears]
• [https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/11feb_sundogmystery/ SDO Sundog Mystery] – A phenomenon that occurred during the launch of the Solar Dynamics Observatory
• {{Cite APOD |title=Jumping Sundog video and explanation |date=8 November 2011 |access-date=16 May 2017}}

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