“Aviation medicine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Broadly defined, this subdiscipline endeavors to discover and prevent various adverse physiological responses to hostile biologic and physical stresses encountered in the aerospace environment.^[1] Problems range from life support measures for astronauts to recognizing an ear block in an infant traveling on an airliner with elevated cabin pressure altitude. Aeromedical certification of pilots, aircrew and patients is also part of Aviation Medicine. A final subdivision is the AeroMedical Transportation Specialty. These military and civilian specialists are concerned with protecting aircrew and patients who are transported by AirEvac aircraft (helicopters or fixed-wing airplanes).

Atmospheric physics potentially affect all air travelers regardless of the aircraft.^[1] As humans ascend through the first 9100–12,300 m (30,000–40,000 ft), temperature decreases linearly at an average rate of 2 °C (3.6 °F) per 305 m (1000 ft). If sea-level temperature is 16 °C (60 °F), the outside air temperature is approximately −57 °C (−70 °F) at 10,700 m (35,000 ft). Pressure and humidity also decline, and aircrew are exposed to radiation, vibration and acceleration forces (the latter are also known as "g" forces). Aircraft life support systems such as oxygen, heat and pressurization are the first line of defense against most of the hostile aerospace environment. Higher performance aircraft provide more sophisticated life support equipment, such as "G-suits" to help the body resist the adverse effects of acceleration, along with pressure breathing apparatus, or ejection seats or other escape equipment.

Every factor contributing to a safe flight has a failure rate. The crew of an aircraft is no different. Aviation medicine aims to keep this rate in the humans involved equal to or below a specified risk level. This standard of risk is also applied to airframe, avionics and systems associated with flights.

AeroMedical examinations aim at screening for elevation in risk of sudden incapacitation, such as a tendency towards myocardial infarction (heart attacks), epilepsy or the presence of metabolic conditions diabetes, etc. which may lead to hazardous condition at altitude.^[1] The goal of the AeroMedical Examination is to protect the life and health of pilots and passengers by making reasonable medical assurance that an individual is fit to fly.^[1] Other screened conditions such as colour blindness can prevent a person from flying because of an inability to perform a function that is necessary.^[1]^[3] In this case to tell green from red.^[4] These specialized medical exams consist of physical examinations performed by an Aviation Medical Examiner or a military Flight Surgeon, doctors trained to screen potential aircrew for identifiable medical conditions that could lead to problems while performing airborne duties.^[1]^[5] In addition, this unique population of aircrews is a high-risk group for several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular sleeping and irregular meals (usually carbonated drinks and high energy snacks) and work-related stress.^[1]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

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References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{cite book |title=Fundamentals Of Aerospace Medicine: Translating Research Into Clinical Applications, 3rd Rev Ed. |last=Dehart |first=R. L. |author2=J. R. Davis |year=2002 |publisher=Lippincott Williams And Wilkins |location=United States |isbn=978-0-7817-2898-0 |page=720 }}
2. ^{{cite web|last1=Jedick|first1=Rocky|title=Why Flight Surgeons Fly|url=http://goflightmedicine.com/flight-surgeons-fly/|website=Go Flight Medicine|accessdate=28 November 2014}}
3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Squire TJ, Rodriguez-Carmona M, Evans AD, Barbur JL |title=Color vision tests for aviation: comparison of the anomaloscope and three lantern types |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=421–9 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15892538 |doi= |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2005/00000076/00000005/art00001 |accessdate=2008-07-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080704141255/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2005/00000076/00000005/art00001| archivedate= 4 July 2008 | deadurl= no}}
4. ^{{cite journal |author=Birch J |title=Performance of red-green color deficient subjects on the Holmes-Wright lantern (Type A) in photopic viewing |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |volume=70 |issue=9 |pages=897–901 |date=September 1999 |pmid=10503756 |doi= |url= |accessdate= }}
5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Baker DP, Krokos KJ |title=Development and validation of Aviation Causal Contributors for Error Reporting Systems (ACCERS) |journal=Hum Factors |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=185–99 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17447662 |doi= 10.1518/001872007X312432|url= |accessdate= }}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Van Dongen HP, Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL |title=Investigating systematic individual differences in sleep-deprived performance on a high-fidelity flight simulator |journal=Behav Res Methods |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=333–43 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16956110 |doi= 10.3758/BF03192785|url= |accessdate= }}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Grósz A, Tóth E, Péter I |title=A 10-year follow-up of ischemic heart disease risk factors in military pilots |journal=Mil Med |volume=172 |issue=2 |pages=214–9 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17357781 |doi= 10.7205/MILMED.172.2.214|url= |accessdate=}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Buja A, Lange JH, Perissinotto E |title=Cancer incidence among male military and civil pilots and flight attendants: an analysis on published data |journal=Toxicol Ind Health |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=273–82 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16463960 |doi= 10.1191/0748233705th238oa|url=http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0748-2337&volume=21&issue=10&spage=273&aulast=Buja |accessdate=2008-07-20|display-authors=etal}}
9. ^{{cite journal |author1=Lurie, O |author2=Zadik, Y |author3=Tarrasch, R |author4=Raviv, G |author5=Goldstein, L |title=Bruxism in Military Pilots and Non-Pilots: Tooth Wear and Psychological Stress |journal=Aviat Space Environ Med |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=137–9 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17310886 |doi= |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asma/asem/2007/00000078/00000002/art00010 |accessdate=2008-07-16}}

Overview

See also

References

Further reading

External links