“Prime version”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the art world, if an artwork exists in several versions, the one known or believed to be the earliest is called the prime version.^[1] Many artworks produced in media such as painting or carved sculpture which create unique objects are in fact repeated by their artists, often several times. It is regarded as a matter of some importance both by art historians and the art market to establish which version has "priority", that is to say was the original work. The presumption usually is that the prime version is the finest, and perhaps the most carefully done, though some later versions can be argued to improve on the originals.

In many periods the later "repetitions" were often produced by the workshop of the master, with varying degrees of supervision and direct attention from him. This was especially the case with official portraits of monarchs and politicians, which in the Early Modern period were often ordered in large numbers of versions from the court artist as diplomatic gifts. Sometimes "reduced versions" that are considerably smaller than the prime one are made.

Contexts

In the case of official portraits the later creation of replica versions was likely to have been anticipated from the start, as in other types of art such as printmaking, but in other types of painting, especially history painting, the normal presumption, in the past as today, was that each work was a unique creation. This was a matter of some importance to the owner, and there was evidently in some periods a general understanding that a work should not be replicated or copied without the permission of the owner of the prime version, which needed to be asked for carefully and was not always given. In many periods "replicas were the direct product of collecting, as collectors have always preferred recognizable masterpieces to what is offbeat".^[2]

This was true of 17th century Rome, where artists such as Orazio Gentileschi and Bernardo Strozzi routinely made replicas, and others such as Guercino and Guido Reni sometimes did,^[3] as of Victorian London, where artists such as William Powell Frith often painted one or more replica versions of their successes. In Frith's case the replicas were painted many years after his first versions, when his newer work was achieving less success. The French painter Charles Landelle recorded no fewer than 32 versions of his Femme Fellah, an Orientalist hit at the Paris Salon of 1866.^[4] Pieces of sculpture made by casting processes that allow the original model to be reproduced several times are rather different; though the first in an edition (today often kept by the artist) has some added prestige, it is expected that a number of versions will be made.

An example of a work now only known from a replica (in the Galleria Borghese in Rome) and studies is Aeneas and his Family Fleeing Troy, the only secular history painting by Federico Barocci. The prime version was given in 1586 by Francesco Maria II, the last Duke of Urbino, to Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor in Prague, and was later looted by the Swedes. It was taken to Rome by Queen Christina of Sweden, passed to the Orleans collection in Paris, and finally sold at auction in London for 14 guineas in 1800 (the price probably reflecting the poor condition some sources mention), since when its whereabouts are unknown. The Rome version was painted in 1598, presumably for Cardinal Scipio Borghese.^[6]

Judging the prime version

In some cases it is evident which version of a work is prime, especially if there is a full provenance including a contract or other documentation of the original commission; a contract for a copy will normally make that clear. Otherwise experts will look both at the overall quality of the work, and also technical elements such as detailed underdrawing and pentimenti (changes of mind) that indicate that the artist was finalizing his idea of the work as he proceeded. Infrared and X-ray photography are among the scientific techniques that may help in discovering these technical issues.^[7] Close comparison with the evolving style of other works by the artist and the comparison, ideally physically side by side, between two rival versions will often lead to a clear conclusion,^[8] but sometimes arguments between experts may take decades to reach a conclusion, as with other issues of attribution.

One of the most dramatic reassessments in recent decades, of a very important work, came in 1970 when a new assessment of a version of the Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael drew on a combination of new scientific research and archival knowledge, as x-rays revealed an inventory number from 1693, as well as a background that Raphael had repainted. The version in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, previously considered prime, was replaced by the version in the National Gallery, London, previously considered a replica.^[9]

Examples

Notes

1. ^Christiansen (2001), 21
2. ^Christiansen (2001), 21
3. ^Christiansen (2001), 20-27
4. ^Harding, 9
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/47.100.1023|title=Agostino Carracci after Federico Barocci: Aeneas and His Family Fleeing Troy (47.100.1023) - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History - The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2014}}
6. ^Turner, Nicholas, Federico Barocci, 2000, Vilo (109)
7. ^Christiansen (1986), 436-438, and 432, provide examples of such discussions, relating to various paintings by Caravaggio
8. ^Millar
9. ^Dunkerton and Roy, 757-759, which reports further testing modifying the earlier conclusions of Gould, 208-10.
10. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16216133 Re-discovered William Powell Frith sells at auction], BBC News, 16 December 2011; Sale of study, Christie's, lot details 15 December 2011, Frith Derby Day
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandart.org/art/1980.40 |publisher=Cleveland Museum of Art |accessdate=11 September 2015 |title=Dante and Virgil Meeting the Shades of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo}}
12. ^[https://museumnetwork.sothebys.com/museum/carnegie-museum-of-art/exhibition/visions-of-order-and-chaos-the-enlightened-eye Ary Scheffer, Dante and Virgil Encountering the Shades of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta in the Underworld, (detail) 1851, oil on canvas, Heinz Family Fund and Anonymous gift, CMOA]

Contexts

Judging the prime version

Examples

Notes

References