| 词条 | Princes of the Ming dynasty |
| 释义 |
The princes of the Ming dynasty were titled and salaried members of the imperial bureaucracy with nominal lordship over various fiefs throughout China. All were members of the imperial Zhu clan descended from the twenty-six sons of Zhu Yuanzhang. None controlled the administration of their nominal fief (unlike some tribal leaders or Confucius's descendents, the Dukes of Overflowing Sagacity, who continued to rule their territories outside of the normal provincial system). Like all members of the imperial family, the princes were not bound by the standard imperial administration or courts. Instead, their status, promotions, and punishments were regulated by the Imperial Clan Court, itself staffed and directed by other members of the clan in the capital. Generation namesHongwu Emperor considered that names of descendants would duplicated, he had given generation name poems to all of his sons and Zhu Shouqian. Every 1st generation princes have poems with 20 characters. Also, Hongwu formulated his descendants' given name must use characters with Wu Xing (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal & Water), only descendants of Zhu Shouqian not need to followed. TitleThe Chinese title of these lords was Wáng ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|王}}}}), which was held by the "emperors" of the Shang and Zhou dynasties and by the "kings" of the Warring States. The English translation of "prince" is generally preferred for these Ming rulers, however, owing to their extremely limited authority. Royal & noble ranks of Ming dynasty[1]Male members
Some princes of Ming dynasty had passed their own princely title to their great-grandson too, their heir apparent namely called "shizengsun" ({{lang|zh|世曾孙}}, Princely Great-Grandson)
Some sons of commandery princes were mothered by their abuse concubine or they have offended, they have directly granted the title with bulwark general.
Son of a supporter lieutenant would held the title of supporter lieutenant. Female members
Except imperial daughter and clanswoman, all of consorts of these female members were called as "yibin" ({{lang|zh|儀賓}}), their ranks apart were same 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th junior-rank officials Offenders imperial member called as Commoner ({{lang|zh|庶人}}). If a 1st-rank prince was demoted, the imperial court would appointed one of their peerage members to presided the other members of the peerage, and namely called them as "clan councilor" ({{lang|zh|宗理}}). As the serious population growth of the imperial members during Wanli's reign, Wanli Emperor ordered to reduced their salaries and restricted the succession order. The new succession order for a 1st-rank prince was: if a prince has no heir, a 2nd-rank commandery prince can succeeded the 1st rank princely title. However, except for his eldest son designated as heir, his all other sons cannot promoted to 2nd-rank princes and still hold the title of defender general. HistoryDuring the Hongwu era at the founding of the dynasty, the emperor enfeoffed his many sons and gave them control over large garrisons of as many as 20,000 men. In the succeeding Jianwen era, an attempt by the emperor to demote or disarm his many powerful uncles (known in Chinese as {{lang|zh|{{linktext|削|蕃}}}}, lit. "The Weakening of the Marcher Lords") prompted the Jingnan Campaign of the Prince of Yan which ended with the apparent death of the young emperor in a palace fire and Yan's ascension as the Yongle Emperor. Despite justifying his campaign as an effort to uphold the traditions of the Hongwu Emperor and to free his nephew from the ill counsel of the court advisors, the Yongle Emperor completed the work of removing the imperial clan from the militarized borders with Mongolia, Manchuria, and Annam. For example, he granted the territory of the Prince of Ning {{ndash}} whose capture and support had been essential for Yan's victory and with whom he had promised to divide the empire {{ndash}} to allied Mongols and placed the prince himself in an ungarrisoned sinecure in Nanchang.[2] Over the course of the dynasty, some titles were absorbed by the crown, others abolished following unsuccessful revolution, and still others created for cadet branches of the dynasty. Crown Prince{{main|Taizi}}The crown prince of the empire was known as the Taizi (lit. "Supreme Son"). Under the terms of the Hongwu Emperor's dynastic instructions, he was to be selected in accordance with strict Confucian agnatic primogeniture: the eldest son of the primary consort succeeded, . Although legitimizing the ascension of the Yongle Emperor involved forged claims that he had been selected by the Hongwu Emperor over his brother Crown Prince Yiwen in direct violation of the emperor's own policy, the practice was subsequently observed except in the aftermath of the Tumu Incident. This repeatedly led to teenaged and even infant princes ascending to the throne and contributed to the domination of the government by powerful eunuch dictators. Those crown princes who failed to ascend to the imperial throne were given posthumous names including their title of taizi. They include:
Lesser princes{{main|Vassals princes of Ming dynasty}}Salaries for princes and other imperial membersIn 1370, Hongwu Emperor enfeoffed 10 princely peerages: Qin, Jing, Yan, Zhou, Chu, Qi, Tan, Lu (鲁) and Jingjiang. The salaries for princes and princess were set up in 1376:
The other supplies for Prince of Jingjiang were half amount of a 1st-rank prince.
Supplies for son of a 1st-rank prince has not granted any titles were same as non-title imperial daughter, while for non-title 1st-rank princely daughter were half amount of non-title 1st-rank princely son. See also
References1. ^万历《大明会典》 2. ^"Zhu Quan". History of Ming, Folio 117, p.14a. Taiwan ed, p. 3591. Accessed 14 Oct 2012. 2 : Ming dynasty princely peerages|Chinese royal titles |
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