| 词条 | Sunset Crater |
| 释义 |
| name = Sunset Crater | photo = Sunsetcrater13.JPG | photo_caption = Sunset Crater from the Cinder Hills | elevation_ft = 8042 | elevation_ref = {{NAVD88}}[1] | prominence_ft = 999 | prominence_ref = [2] | location = Coconino County, Arizona, U.S. | map = USA Arizona | map_caption = none | map_size = 180 | coordinates = {{coord|35.365579283|N|111.500652017|W|type:mountain_region:US-AZ_scale:100000_source:NGS|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | range_coordinates = | coordinates_ref = [1] | topo = USGS Sunset Crater East | type = Cinder cone[3] | age = ~950 years | volcanic_field = San Francisco volcanic field | last_eruption = 1075 ± 25 years[3] | easiest_route = Hike | embedded = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = NMON | designation1_date = }}{{Infobox protected area | name = Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument | iucn_category = III | map = USA | relief = 1 | map_caption = | nearest_city = Flagstaff, AZ | coordinates = {{coord|35.365579283|N|111.500652017|W|format=dms|display=inline}} | area_acre = 3040 | area_ref = [4] | established = May 26, 1930 | visitation_num = 60,233 | visitation_year = 2017 | visitation_ref = [5] | governing_body = National Park Service | website = Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument }} Sunset Crater is a cinder cone located north of Flagstaff in U.S. State of Arizona. The crater is within the Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument. Sunset Crater is the youngest in a string of volcanoes (the San Francisco volcanic field) that is related to the nearby San Francisco Peaks.[6] FormationThe date of the eruptions that formed the {{convert|340|m|ft|sp=us|adj=mid|-high cone}} was initially derived from tree-ring dates, suggesting the eruption began between the growing seasons of A.D. 1064–1065.[7] However, more recent geologic and archaeological evidence places the eruption around A.D. 1085.[8] The largest vent of the eruption, Sunset Crater itself, was the source of the Bonito and Kana-a lava flows that extended about {{convert|2.5|km|mi|sp=us}} NW and {{convert|9.6|km|mi|0|sp=us}} NE, respectively. Additional vents along a {{convert|10|km|mi|sp=us|adj=mid|-long fissure}} extending SE produced small spatter ramparts and a {{convert|6.4|km|mi|sigfig=1|sp=us|adj=mid|-long lava flow}} to the east. The Sunset Crater eruption produced a blanket of ash and lapilli covering an area of more than {{convert|2100|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} and forced the temporary abandonment of settlements of the local Sinagua people.[3] The volcano has partially revegetated, with pines and wildflowers. The crater is the namesake for the Sunset Crater Beardtongue (Penstemon clutei). While the volcano is considered extinct, despite its young geologic age, the San Francisco volcanic field is still considered active, and a future eruption elsewhere in the area is a statistical certainty. Damage from hikers forced the National Park Service to close a trail leading to the crater, but a short trail at the base remains.[9] The hiking trail below the summit skirts the substantial Bonito Lava Flow. This hardened lava is black and appears fresh as it has devastated the forest in its path. The lava flow also created an ice cave or tube that is now closed to the public after a partial collapse. 2015 eruption scareOn June 5, 2015, a website with satellite images reported steam rising from the crater, leading to fears that Sunset Crater was erupting. The cause of the steam was later determined to be a forest fire, and geologists stated that the volcano was extinct.[10] Sunset Crater Volcano National MonumentSunset Crater Volcano National Monument is a U.S. National Monument in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Arizona, created to protect Sunset Crater, a cinder cone within the San Francisco Volcanic Field.[11]The monument is managed by the National Park Service in close conjunction with nearby Wupatki National Monument. In 1928, a Hollywood film company - Famous Players-Lasky Corporation - planned to detonate large quantities of explosives on the side of Sunset Crater in order to create an avalanche for Zane Grey's motion picture, Avalanche.[12] Public outcry over this plan led in part to the proclamation of Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument by President Herbert Hoover in 1930.[13] A 1-mile (1.6 km), self-guided loop trail is located at the base of Sunset Crater, but hiking to the summit is not permitted. A trail providing access to the summit and crater was closed in 1973 because of excessive erosion caused by hikers.[14] A visitor center is located near the park entrance, {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} north of Flagstaff, Arizona, along U.S. Highway 89. References1. ^1 {{cite ngs |id=FQ0610 |name=Sunset Crater |accessdate=December 23, 2008}} 2. ^{{cite peakbagger |pid=3942 |name=Sunset Crater, Arizona |accessdate=August 19, 2016}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite gvp |vnum=1209-02- |name=Sunset Crater |accessdate=December 23, 2008}} 4. ^{{NPS area|year=2011|accessdate=December 30, 2011}} 5. ^{{NPS visitation|accessdate=October 19, 2017}} 6. ^ {{cite web |last = Priest |first = Susan S. |author2 = Wendell A. Duffield |author3 = Karen Malis-Clark |author4 = James W. Hendley II |author5 = Peter H. Stauffer |title = The San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona - U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 017-01 |publisher = United States Geological Survey |date = December 21, 2001 |url = http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs017-01/ |accessdate = August 12, 2008 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080421135313/http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs017-01/ |archivedate = April 21, 2008 |df = }} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Pilles|first=Peter J. Jr.|year=1979|chapter=Sunset Crater and the Sinagua: A New Interpretation|title=Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology|editor1-first=Payson D.|editor1-last=Sheets|editor2-first=Donald K.|editor2-last=Grayson|pages=459–485|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York}} 8. ^{{cite conference|last1=Elson|first1=Mark D.|first2=Michael H.|last2=Ort|first3=Paul R.|last3=Sheppard|first4=Terry L.|last4=Samples|first5=Kirk C.|last5=Anderson|first6=Elizabeth M.|last6=May|year=2011|title=A.D. 1064 No More? A Multidisciplinary Re-evaluation of the Date of the Eruption of Sunset Crater Volcano, Northern Arizona|conference=76th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology|location=Sacramento, California|url=http://store.wnpa.org/research/wupa05-14.pdf}} 9. ^ {{cite web | url = http://www.nps.gov/sucr/planyourvisit/lava-flow-trail.htm | title = Lava Flow Trail | work = Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument | publisher = National Park Service | date = September 14, 2006 | accessdate = August 12, 2008 }} 10. ^{{citeweb |url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2015/06/04/arizona-sunset-crater-volcano-steam-false-reports-abrk/28506865/ |title=Despite rumors, Arizona's Sunset Crater Volcano remains extinct |work=The Arizona Republic |date=June 5, 2015}} 11. ^ {{cite web | title = Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument | publisher = National Park Service | date = September 14, 2007 | url = http://www.nps.gov/sucr/ | accessdate = August 12, 2008}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://knau.org/post/americas-best-idea-sunset-crater-nearly-destroyed-hollwyood|title=America's Best Idea: Sunset Crater nearly destroyed by Hollywood|date=October 2, 2009|publisher=KNAU, NPR}} 13. ^ {{cite web | title = Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument - People | publisher = National Park Service | date = March 20, 2007 | url = http://www.nps.gov/sucr/historyculture/people.htm | accessdate = January 27, 2012}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/sucr/faqs.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service |accessdate=June 18, 2011}} External links{{commons|Sunset Crater Volcano}}
7 : Landforms of Coconino County, Arizona|Mountains of Arizona|Cinder cones of the United States|Volcanoes of Arizona|Dormant volcanoes|Protected areas of Coconino County, Arizona|Mountains of Coconino County, Arizona |
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