| 词条 | Sunset Tunnel | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Sunset Tunnel |image = Sunset Tunnel West-1.jpg |caption = The western portal of the Sunset Tunnel |line = {{MUNI legend|N}} |location = San Francisco, California |coordinates = East portal: {{Coord|37|46|09|N|122|26|04|W|format=dms|display=inline|type:landmark_region:US-CA}} West portal: {{Coord|37|45|59|N|122|26|55|W|format=dms|display=inline|type:landmark_region:US-CA}} |system = Muni Metro |status = |start = Duboce Ave & Noe St Duboce Park |end = Carl St & Cole St Richard Gamble Memorial Park |stations = None |opened = {{start date and age|1928|10|21}} |close = |owner = San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |operator = San Francisco Municipal Railway |character = Underground tunnel for light rail/streetcar line |linelength = {{convert|4232|ft|m mi|abbr=on}} |tracklength = |notrack = 2 |gauge = {{RailGauge|ussg}} (standard gauge) |el = Overhead lines, 600 V DC |speed = |hielevation = |lowelevation= |height = {{convert|23|ft|m|abbr=on}}[1] |grade = |}} The Sunset Tunnel, originally known as the Duboce Tunnel, is a {{convert|4232|ft|m|abbr=on}}-long[1] light rail/streetcar tunnel in San Francisco, California. The tunnel runs under the steep hill adjacent to Buena Vista Park and is used exclusively by the N Judah Muni Metro line. The eastern entrance is located at Duboce and Noe streets on the south side of Duboce Park in the Duboce Triangle neighborhood, and the western portal is located in Richard Gamble Memorial Park near the intersection of Carl and Cole streets in the Cole Valley neighborhood. HistoryInitial proposalsBion J. Arnold proposed a Mission–Sunset Tunnel in his Report on the Improvement and Development of the Transportation Facilities of San Francisco of March 1913.[1] In Arnold's scheme, the Mission–Sunset Tunnel would start at Eureka Valley station, which was proposed as the transfer station for passengers needing service through the Twin Peaks Tunnel. The Mission–Sunset Tunnel would serve as a feeder bringing rail, automobile, and pedestrian traffic from the Panhandle region to the planned Market Street Subway.[1]{{rp|228}} It would also improve service to the Sunset District from the Mission and other areas south of Market, as existing routes were circuitous or limited.[1]{{rp|239}} Arnold's plan called for a two-level tunnel, with a road and pedestrian tunnel similar in cross-section to the Stockton Street Tunnel above a two-track rail tunnel.[1]{{rp|267–269}} Depending on the planned alignment and portal locations, the length of the Mission–Sunset Tunnel proposed by Arnold would have been {{convert|3720|–|4720|ft|abbr=on}}.[1]{{rp|239–240}}
|coord={{Coord|37.765|-122.441}} |float=right |zoom=14 |width=280 |height=220 |scalemark=20 |shape1=n-square |shape-color1=#f00 |shape-outline1=#fff |mark-size1=20 |mark-coord1 ={{Coord|37|46|09|N|122|26|04|W}} |mark-title1 =East Portal (Duboce & Noe) |mark-coord2 ={{Coord|37|45|59|N|122|26|55|W}} |mark-title2 =West Portal (Carl & Cole) |mark-coord3 ={{Coord|37.761864|-122.438654}} |shape-color3 =#080 |mark-title3 =Proposed East Portal (1913, at Eureka Valley station as a transfer point for traffic through the Twin Peaks Tunnel) |fullscreen-option=1 |caption=Sunset Tunnel locations |auto-caption=1 }} However, further work on a tunnel to the Sunset District was postponed in favor of completing the Twin Peaks Tunnel, which opened to revenue service in June 1918.[2]{{rp|119}} Soon afterwards, in July 1918, a Sunset Tunnel alignment matching the as-completed route along Duboce Avenue was proposed.[2]{{rp|120}} After the San Francisco Board of Supervisors appropriated funds for a tunnel into the Sunset in September 1921,[3][4] City Engineer M.M. O'Shaughnessy was tasked with recommending a final alignment. He considered four routes, of which two relied on surface routes (one of these would run north from Laguna Honda), one was based on Arnold's 1913 proposed routing from the Eureka Valley station, and one matched the proposed Duboce route from 1918; of these four, O'Shaughnessy preferred the Duboce route[2]{{rp|121–122}} as noted in a November 1921 Board meeting.[5] The Board approved the Duboce alignment in a resolution passed on May 31, 1922 which also established the special assessment district.[6] The route was opposed by several supervisors, who favored surface routes, but those were over the objections of Sunset residents, who preferred "the shorter and most direct [Duboce] route".[7] Construction and openingFunds for test bores were set aside in June 1922[8] and the City Engineer's report, including detailed plans and estimated costs, were filed three months later in September. As planned, the tunnel would be {{convert|4250|ft}} long and would cost {{USD|1500000|1922|round=-4}}.[9] The final route was not approved until April 6, 1925, due to "protracted political discussion."[19]{{rp|16}} The contract for the Sunset Tunnel was awarded on May 10, 1926 for the low bid of {{USD|1247592|1925|round=-4}}, submitted by the Youdall Construction Company, who broke ground on the project on June 10, 1926.[10]{{rp|6}} [11] As designed, the Sunset Tunnel was {{convert|4232|ft}} long including approaches with a grade of 3%; inside, the width was {{convert|25|ft}} and the vertical clearance was {{convert|18|ft|9|in|abbr=on}} above the top of the rail.[10]{{rp|17}} The total length of the two open cuts for the approaches was {{convert|261|ft}}; the tunnel was driven largely through serpentine rock.[23] The tunnel was constructed using three drifts: a pilot drift at the crown, and two at the side walls. The pilot drift was accelerated in order to provide ventilation and to explore the geologic formations, and that crown drift was "holed-through" less than a year after groundbreaking, on March 11, 1927.[12] Construction of the tunnel was completed on February 4, 1928 for a total cost of {{USD|1477618|1928|round=-4}}.[13] After the tunnel was nearly complete, a contract was awarded to build the rail line, but work was halted under an injunction that lasted from October 1927 to May 1928.[14] The tunnel was opened for revenue service on October 21, 1928 in a ceremony presided over by Mayor James Rolph.[15] The new "N" line recorded the second-highest gross revenues of all streetcar lines shortly after opening.[16] Both the Twin Peaks and Sunset tunnels were credited with spurring development in the Sunset District, with many of the homes built by Henry Doelger in the 1930s and 1940s.[17][18] IntrusionAccess to the tunnel is restricted to San Francisco Municipal Railway light rail trains only. Despite the access limitations, this tunnel is not well protected, and has been vandalized, copper cable has been stolen,[19] and graffiti has been painted on the surfaces.[20] From time to time, automobile drivers manage to drive their cars into the tunnel,[21][22] including four separate incidents in February 2017 alone.[23] Trackway Improvement ProjectThe Sunset Tunnel Trackway Improvement Project replaced tracks and repaired key equipment inside the tunnel, including a new overhead contact system, fire sprinkler valve refurbishment, seismic upgrades, and rebuilt platforms at 28th Avenue.[24] The work, which started in November 2014, was originally planned to finish by June 2015,[25] but was not completed until October 2017.[26] During some weekends, the tunnel was closed and N Judah was short-turned at Church & Duboce. Buses were used to continue service to Ocean Beach.[27] A combination of additional needed work that was discovered during construction, plus nearby residents challenging a night work permit, resulted in delays to the project and an additional $4 million cost for a total of $23.3 million.[28] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite report |url=https://archive.org/details/reportonimprovem1913arno |title=Report on the Improvement and Development of the Transportation Facilities of San Francisco |chapter=11. Market Street extension tunnel under Twin Peaks |pages=225–270 |author=Arnold, Bion J. |date=March 1913 |accessdate=17 April 2018}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite thesis |url=http://ignacio.usfca.edu/articles/1074771.13617/1.PDF |title=Tunnels and Residential Growth in San Francisco, 1910 - 1930 |author=Ring, Vincent D. |date=May 1971 |type=M.A. |chapter=V. A Second Tunnel for the Sunset |pages=118–141 |publisher=University of San Francisco |accessdate=6 August 2018}} 3. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1921sanfrich#page/796/mode/1up |title=Appropriation, $500,000, Sunset Extension, Municipal Railway |date=19 September 1921 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=16 |number=38 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=796}} 4. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1921sanfrich#page/832/mode/1up |title=Appropriation, $500,000, Sunset Extension, Municipal Railway |date=26 September 1921 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=16 |number=39 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=832}} 5. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1921sanfrich#page/994/mode/1up |title=Sunset District Extension |date=21 November 1921 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=16 |number=47 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=994}} 6. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1922sanfrich#page/454/mode/1up |title=Tunnel Construction Resolution of Intention |date=31 May 1922 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=17 |number=22 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |pages=454–458}} 7. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1922sanfrich#page/502/mode/1up |title=Reconsideration–Duboce Tunnel |date=5 June 1922 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=17 |number=23 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=502}} 8. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1922sanfrich#page/544/mode/1up |title=Appropriation, $1,500, Test Borings, Duboce Tunnel |date=3 July 1922 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=17 |number=27 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=544}} 9. ^{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofproceed1922sanfrich#page/742/mode/1up |title=Presentation of Proposals: Duboce Tunnel |date=18 September 1922 |journal=Journal of Proceedings: Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco |volume=17 |number=38 |publisher=The Recorder Printing and Publishing Company |accessdate=6 August 2018 |pages=742–743}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite report |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbureauof19241925s#page/6/mode/1up |title=Report of the Bureau of Engineering |author=O'Shaughnessy, Michael M. |date=1924–1925 |publisher=Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco |accessdate=6 August 2018 |pages=6; 16–17}} 11. ^{{cite report |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbureauof19251926s#page/20/mode/1up |title=Report of the Bureau of Engineering |author=O'Shaughnessy, Michael M. |date=1925–1926 |publisher=Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=20}} 12. ^{{cite report |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbureauof19261927s#page/19/mode/1up/ |title=Report of the Bureau of Engineering |author=O'Shaughnessy, Michael M. |date=1926–1927 |publisher=Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco |accessdate=6 August 2018 |pages=19–22}} 13. ^1 {{cite report |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbureau19271928san#page/26/mode/1up |title=Report of the Bureau of Engineering |author=O'Shaughnessy, Michael M. |date=1927–1928 |publisher=Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco |accessdate=6 August 2018 |pages=26–28}} 14. ^{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/stream/municipalemploye219271928sanf#page/n447/mode/1up |title=New Tunnel an Engineering Feat |author=Ost, Paul J. |date=October 1928 |magazine=The Municipal Employee |pages=12; 54 |accessdate=6 August 2018 |volume=II |number=10}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite web |url = http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hgtun.htm |title = San Francisco History - City's Tunnels |accessdate = July 14, 2008 |last = Wallace |first = Kevin |date = March 27, 1949 |publisher = San Francisco Chronicle }} 16. ^{{cite report |url=https://archive.org/stream/reportofbureau19281929san#page/52/mode/1up |title=Report of the Bureau of Engineering |author=O'Shaughnessy, Michael M. |date=1928–1929 |publisher=Department of Public Works, City and County of San Francisco |accessdate=6 August 2018 |page=52}} 17. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Visionary-s-ticky-tacky-landmarks-S-F-seeks-2762393.php |title=Visionary's 'ticky-tacky' landmarks / S.F. seeks to honor little homes' designer |author=Garcia, Ken |date=October 15, 2002 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=3 August 2018}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/Growth-of-city-neighborhoods-3217001.php |title=Growth of city neighborhoods |author=Nolte, Carl |date=25 September 2009 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=3 August 2018}} 19. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/N-Judah-running-again-through-Sunset-Tunnel-3192340.php |title=N-Judah running again through Sunset Tunnel |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=April 17, 2010 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=3 August 2018}} 20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Tunnel-death-ties-up-Muni-line-3100710.php |title=Tunnel death ties up Muni line |author1=Glover, Malcolm |author2=Brazil, Eric |date=11 March 1998 |newspaper=San Francisco Examiner |accessdate=3 August 2018}} 21. ^{{cite web |url = http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?id=6054206§ion=news/local |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120826082657/http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?id=6054206§ion=news%2Flocal |archivedate = August 26, 2012 |title = Drunk drives 2 miles through train tunnel |work = ABC 7 Local News |date = April 1, 2008 |author = Terry McSweeney |deadurl = yes |df = }} 22. ^{{cite news|last1=Chinn|first1=Jerold|title=Problems persist with drivers attempting to enter Muni tunnels|url=https://sfbay.ca/2016/09/30/problems-persist-with-drivers-attempting-to-enter-muni-tunnels/|accessdate=October 4, 2016|publisher=SFBay.ca|date=September 30, 2016}} 23. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ktvu.com/news/cars-drive-in-munis-sunset-tunnel-4-times-in-the-past-month |title=Cars drive in Muni's Sunset Tunnel 4 times in the past month |date=2 February 2017 |work=KTVU |accessdate=3 August 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.sfmta.com/projects/sunset-tunnel-trackway-improvement-project |title=Sunset Tunnel Trackway Improvement Project |author= |date= |publisher=San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency |accessdate=2 August 2018}} 25. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Noise-complaint-halts-work-on-Sunset-Tunnel-in-6036238.php |title=Noise complaint halts work on Sunset Tunnel in S.F. |author=Cabanatuan, Michael |date=24 January 2015 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=3 August 2018}} 26. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfmta.com/project-updates/sunset-tunnel-weekend-construction-completed |title=Sunset Tunnel Weekend Construction Completed |date=20 October 2017 |publisher=SFMTA |accessdate=2 August 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.sfmta.com/project-updates/sunset-tunnel-weekend-construction-resumes-july-10-13 |title=Sunset Tunnel Weekend Construction Resumes on July 10–13 |date=July 2015 |publisher=SFMTA |accessdate=2 August 2018}} 28. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Costs-to-upgrade-Muni-s-Sunset-Tunnel-soar-12502863.php |title=Costs to upgrade Muni’s Sunset Tunnel soar — partly thanks to neighbors |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 16, 2018 |first=Michael |last=Cabanatuan}} External links{{commons category}}{{Attached KML |display=title,inline}}
6 : Muni Metro|Railroad tunnels in California|Tunnels in San Francisco|Tunnels completed in 1928|Sunset District, San Francisco|Western Addition, San Francisco |
||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。