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词条 Professionalism in association football
释义

  1. History

  2. Timeline by country

  3. References

     Works cited 

  4. External links

Association football is the world's most popular sport, and is worth US$600 billion worldwide.[1] By the end of the 20th century it was played by over 250 million players in over 200 countries.[2][3][4][5][6] Around the world, the sport is played at a professional level by professional footballers, and millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite football teams,[1] while billions more watch the sport on television or on the internet.[7] Football has the highest global television audience in sport.[8] The sport had amateur origins and evolved into the modern professional competition.

History

Association football was first codified in 1863, with the formation of the Football Association (FA) in England. At this time the sport was played mainly by public schools, or teams with public school roots, and amateurism was the norm. This remained the case until the 1880s, when working-class teams began to vie for supremacy. Blackburn Olympic, a team composed mainly of factory workers, won the 1883 FA Cup Final.[9] They were the first working-class team to win the competition since its inception in 1870.[10] Though professionalism was not permitted, Olympic arranged jobs for their players, and supplemented their income with additional payments, a common occurrence among Lancashire clubs.[11]

The differences between the amateur idealists from southern England and the increasingly professionalised teams from northern industrial towns came to a head in 1884. After Preston North End won an FA Cup match against Upton Park, the Londoners protested, seeking the result to be overturned due to the presence of paid players in the Preston ranks. This sparked a series of events which threatened to split the FA. Preston withdrew from the competition, and fellow Lancashire clubs Burnley and Great Lever followed suit. The protest gathered momentum, to the point where more than 30 clubs, predominantly from the north, announced that they would set up a rival British Football Association if the FA did not permit professionalism.[12] 18 months later the FA relented, and in July 1885 professionalism was formally legalised in England.[13][14]

Though English clubs employed professionals, the Scottish Football Association continued to forbid the practice. Consequently, many Scottish players migrated southward. At first the FA put residential restrictions in place to prevent this, but these were abandoned by 1889.[15] In the inaugural season of the Football League (1888–89), champions Preston North End fielded ten Scottish professionals.[16] The Scottish FA lifted its ban on professionalism in 1893, whereupon 560 players were registered as professionals.[17]

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Timeline by country

This table details the year in which professionalism was introduced, country by country.

CountryYearNotes
England1885[13]Football League, first professional league, formed 1888
Scotland1893[17]
United States1921[18]
Italy1923[19][20]Juventus became the first professional club in the country in 1923.
Austria1924[21]First fully professional league in continental Europe
Hungary1924[21]
Spain1926[22]
Mexico1927[23]Year when the national team turned professional. Mexico's first professional league was formed in 1943.
Argentina1931[24]
Chile1931[25]
France1932[22]
Uruguay1932[26]
Brazil1933[27]São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro state leagues.
Netherlands1954[28]
West Germany1963[29]{{main|Introduction of the Bundesliga}}
Sweden1967[30]
Denmark1978[31]
Norway1992[32]
See also Professional sports#Association football{{clear}}

References

1. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Ingle |first1=Sean |last2=Glendenning |first2=Barry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/oct/09/theknowledge.sport |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? |date=9 October 2003 |work=The Guardian |location=UK}}
2. ^{{cite web | title = FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide | publisher=FIFA | url = http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf | archivedate = 15 September 2006 | format = PDF}}
3. ^{{cite web|title= Overview of Soccer |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/550852/football|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080612123410/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/550852/football| archivedate= 12 June 2008 | deadurl= no}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Guttman |first=Allen |editor=Eric Dunning |editor2=Joseph A. Maguire |editor3=Robert E. Pearton |title=The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach |year=1993 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=0-88011-624-2 |page=129 |chapter=The Diffusion of Sports and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQY5wxQDn5gC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=6ns3wVUEGV&sig=SZPKYSDMJBrO1uV4mPxNbKyAuJY#PPA129,M1 |quote=the game is complex enough not to be invented independently by many preliterate cultures and yet simple enough to become the world's most popular team sport }}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Dunning |title=Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-06413-9 |page=103 |chapter=The development of soccer as a world game |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3lX_LVBaToC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=world's+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=ehee9Lr9o1&sig=nyvDhcrPoR8lXhYKE7k4CZYg_qU#PPA103,M1 |quote=During the twentieth century, soccer emerged as the world's most popular team sport }}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Frederick |last2=Cantu |first2=Robert |last3=Van Camp |first3=Steven |title=Catastrophic Injuries in High School and College Sports |year=1996 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign |isbn=0-87322-674-7 |page=57 |chapter=Team Sports |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=XG6AIHLtyaUC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=soccer+most+popular+team+sport&source=web&ots=QzydYB5Am0&sig=w_ouIgmegjytYFfWy7k92guTNfU#PPA57,M1 |quote=Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is an industry worth over US$400 billion world wide. 80% of this is generated in Europe, though its popularity is growing in the United States. It has been estimated that there were 22 million soccer players in the world in the early 1980s, and that number is increasing. In the United States soccer is now a major sport at both the high school and college levels}}
7. ^{{cite web | title = TV Data | publisher=FIFA | url = https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922225713/http://fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html| archivedate = 22 September 2007}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/|title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before |publisher=FIFA|date=6 February 2007}}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Goldblatt |first=David |title=The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football |publisher=Penguin|location=London |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-101582-8| page=43}}
10. ^{{cite book | title= The F.A. Cup – The Complete Story|last= Lloyd |first= Guy |author2=Holt, Nick |year= 2005|publisher= Aurum Press|isbn=1-84513-054-5|page=24}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=Boots, Balls and Haircuts: An Illustrated History of Football from Then to Now|first=Hunter|last=Davies|page=36|publisher=Cassell Illustrated|year=2003|isbn=1-84403-261-2}}
12. ^Goldblatt, The Ball is Round, pp. 46–7.
13. ^1 Lloyd and Holt, The F.A. Cup – The Complete Story, p. 22.
14. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/global-growth.html |title=History of Football - The Global Growth |accessdate=20 April 2014 |publisher=FIFA Official Website}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=League Football and the Men Who Made It|first=Simon|last=Inglis|publisher=Willow Books|year=1988|isbn=0-00-218242-4|page=18}}
16. ^Goldblatt, The Ball is Round, p. 57.
17. ^1 {{cite book|title=Sports: The First Five Millennia|first=Allen|last=Guttmann|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |year=2007|isbn=978-1-55849-610-1|page=108}}
18. ^http://www.buzzle.com/articles/soccer-facts-history-and-timeline-of-soccer.html|The{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} history of professional soccer in the United States
19. ^(Hazard & Gould 2005, pp. 209, 215{{Citation not found}})
20. ^(Tranfaglia & Zunino 1998, p. 193)
21. ^1 Goldblatt, The Ball is Round, p. 225.
22. ^1 Goldblatt, The Ball is Round, p. 209.
23. ^http://www.e-how.com/facts_5347990_history-mexican-soccer.html|History of Mexican Soccer
24. ^Goldblatt, The Ball is Round, p. 205.
25. ^http://www.buzzle.com/articles/soccer-facts-history-and-timeline-of-soccer.html
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://rsssf.com/tablesu/uru32.html |title=Uruguay 1932 Championship |last=Antognazza |first=Diego |last2=Tabeira |first2=Martín |year=2004 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}
27. ^{{cite book |last=Bellos |first=Alex |title=Futebol: the Brazilian way of life |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=0-7475-6179-6|page=33}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/region-netherlands.html |title=Netherlands – Regional Analysis |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |year=2015 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}
29. ^BUNDESLIGA 50 – The birth of Germany's Professional Game. Christoph Wagner | FootballRepublik.com .
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gih.se/documents/cif/tidningen/2005/4_2005/svif054%20s38-43%20wickberg.pdf|title=Amatör eller professionist?|publisher=GIH|language=Swedish|year=2005|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071424/http://www.gih.se/documents/cif/tidningen/2005/4_2005/svif054%20s38-43%20wickberg.pdf|archivedate=2014-10-06|df=}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dbu.dk/oevrigt_indhold/Om%20DBU/DBUs%20historie/dbus_historie_1961-1980.aspx|title=DBU's historie 1961-1980 |publisher=Dansk Boldspil-Union|language=Danish |year=2002}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2009/08/07/sport/fotball/tippeligaen/europacup/7548836/|title=Alle heiet underveis|last=Sæther|first=Esten O.|date=7 August 2009|work=Dagbladet|language=Norwegian|accessdate=8 August 2009}}

Works cited

  • {{cite book|language=Italian|last=Tranfaglia|first=Nicola|last2=Zunino|first2=Pier Giorgio|title=Guida all'Italia contemporanea, 1861–1997|volume=4|publisher=Garzanti|year=1998|isbn=88-11-34204-X}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20121221065640/http://www.soccerhistory.org.uk/Arisatocrats.htm The Rise of the Professional Footballer]
{{Association football chronology}}{{AFC leagues}}{{CAF leagues}}{{CONCACAF leagues}}{{CONMEBOL leagues}}{{OFC leagues}}{{UEFA leagues}}{{Football in Africa}}{{Football in Asia}}{{Football in Europe}}{{Football in Oceania}}{{Football in South America}}{{Soccer in North America}}

3 : Association football culture|History of association football|Professional sports
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