| 词条 | Project Hindsight |
| 释义 |
Project Hindsight was a retrospective study conducted to determine the effectiveness of several post-World War II weapons research projects.[1] The project was conducted by the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, a sub-agency of the United States Department of Defense. ParametersThe study ran from 1963 to 1967[2] and the final report was published in October 1969 and released to the public in September 1970.[3] The project had two goals: the first was to identify R&D management productivity and the second was to measure the overall cost-effectiveness of using recently developed weapon systems compared to their predecessors that were in use 10 to 20 years earlier.[4] FindingsOf all 'events' studied by Project Hindsight, 91% were technological, and only 9% were classed as science. Within the latter category 8.7% were applied science, whereas only 0.3%, or two 'events', were due to basic or undirected science.[4][5][6] ResponsesAs science and technology studies scholar Edwin Layton observed in 1971, 'the publication of these results produced a spate of indignant letters to the editors of Science.' He noted that many of these letters missed the point, and instead should focus on the interaction between science and technology rather than attempting to demonstrate that fundamental scientific research influences technology development more than Project Hindsight had suggested.[7] He also called attention to a subsequent study, Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science (TRACES), which 'revealed cases in which mission-oriented research or development effort elicited later nonmission research, which often was found to be crucial to the ultimate innovation'.[8] References1. ^{{cite news | last = Kostoff | first = Ronald N. | title = Research impact assessment | work = Business Economics | date = 1 January 1993 | accessdate = 17 March 2013 | url = https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-13832964 }} 2. ^{{cite journal | jstor=370196 | title=Hindsight and the Real World of Science Policy | author=Kreilkamp, Karl | journal=Science Studies |date=January 1971 | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=43–66 | doi=10.1177/030631277100100104}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0495905 | title=Project HINDSIGHT - Summary | publisher=Defense Technical Information Center | date=October 1969 | accessdate=17 March 2013}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal | title=Project hindsight. A Defense Department study of the utility of research. |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.156.3782.1571 |pmid=6025113 | date=23 June 1967 |volume=156 |pages=1571–7 |author=Sherwin CW, Isenson RS}} 5. ^D. S. Greenberg, 'Hindsight: DOD Study Examines Return on Investment in Research' Science 154 (November 18, 1966): 872-73 6. ^Philip H. Abelson, 'Project Hindsight,' Science 154 (December 2, 1966): 1123. 7. ^Edwin Layton, 'Mirror-Image Twins: The Communities of Science and Technology in 19th-Century America', Technology and Culture, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 562-580 8. ^Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, Technology in Retrospect and Critical Events in Science, 2 vols. (n. p. [Chicago], 1968). Further reading
3 : United States Department of Defense|Research projects|Military projects |
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