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词条 Project Piaba
释义

  1. Background

  2. Development

  3. Structure

  4. Legacy

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Infobox organization|name=Project Piaba|image=File:Paracheirodon cardinalis.JPG|alt=A slender fish, seen from the side, with its head at the lower left and its tail at the upper right. The fish is a deep red, with a light, glowing blue stripe running from its eye to the base of its tail. The background is a brownish gravel with a mossy green plant.|caption=A cardinal tetra, or piaba|established={{Start date and age|1991}}|founders=Ning Labbish Chao, Gregory Prang|type=Non-governmental organization|status=Charity||purpose=Conservation of the Amazon River basin|headquarters=New England Aquarium|leader_title=Director|leader_name=Scott Dowd|slogan=Buy a Fish, Save a Tree!|website=http://projectpiaba.org/}}{{DISPLAYTITLE:Project Piaba}}Project Piaba ({{IPA-pt|pi:ˈɑ:bɑ:|pron}}) is a fishery initiative located on the Rio Negro tributary of the Amazon river. The program both promotes and researches sustainable aquarium pet fish collection and its impact on the environment. The name of the project comes from the Brazilian Portuguese word, piaba, which means "little fish",[1] referring specifically to the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi).[2] Project Piaba is an ongoing project with annual research expeditions to the Rio Negro region.[2] Because of the sustainable nature of the project, its slogan is "Buy a Fish, Save a Tree!"[3]

Background

Many ornamental freshwater aquarium fish, including the cardinal tetra and the discus (Symphysodon ssp.), are sourced from the Amazon River basin area.[1] The Rio Negro region is the home of more than 100 different species of fish that are important to the pet fish trade.[4] In fact several species, including cardinal tetras, show the adaptive trait of iridescence which may provide lower visibility in a blackwater environment.[4]

Project Piaba started with an ecological baseline study of the region which was conducted in 1989 by a group of researchers and students from the Universidade do Amazonas (UA) and the National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA).[5] This initial survey discovered and documented the importance of the fish trade to the local economy and it led the researchers to wonder about the impact the fishing had on the environment.[5]

The ornamental fish trade in the Rio Negro region is considered "substantial by local standards representing approximately US$ 3 million per year with over 30 million live fish exported annually."[6] Approximately 40,000 people in the region, many of them caboclos (river-dwelling families) are dependent on the income from their fisheries.[7]

Development

In the 1950s, Herbert R. Axelrod and Willi Schwarz had begun shipping aquarium fish out of Barcelos in Brazil.[8] In 1991, Ning Labbish Chao and Gregory Prang founded Project Piaba in order to support the local fisheries and in concert with them, help protect the habitat of collected fishes.[5] Because of the "gentle" way the fish are caught and the fact that most of the fish caught for the aquarium trade are short-lived and would naturally die out during the dry season, the ecological impact of catching the fish is considered minimal.[1] The fish are also not caught by fish farmers during their breeding season.[9] The cardinal tetra, especially, is considered a renewable resource.[10] Project Piaba assesses the sustainability of the species farmed in the Rio Negro area by using the "F value" which estimates the portion of the catch from the total biomass.[11]

The center of the Rio Negro aquarium trade, Barcelos, now celebrates ornamental fish in a festival held every January in conjunction with the annual research expedition of Project Piaba.[1] A stadium, known as Piabodrome, was even built for the festival.[1] The first festival took place in 1994 and a permanent exhibit highlighting the fish was installed in Barcelos by Project Piaba that same year.[12] Money donated by ichthyologist, Herbert Axelrod, helped support a lab and then later, the Centre for Aquatic Conservation which has helped educate, support research and awareness of the project.[13] The Centre was first opened in 1997.[5] Other funds have come from the Association of Ornamental Fish Breeders and Exporters of Amazonas (ACEPOAM) for research on both the fish and the welfare of the fish farmers.[5]

Structure

Scott Dowd is the current director of Project Piaba.[2] He leads the yearly expeditions with experts from around the world, volunteers and even family visiting the Amazon region.[14]

The project has acted as a case study for other, similar projects.[2] Areas such as the Western Ghats in India and areas of Bali are beginning to use similar practices in order to make money from the fish trade and sustain the environment of the fish.[1] Project Piaba is often used to show how groups can support the environment while providing economic stimulus to a poor region of the world.[15][16] In addition, the sustainable sourcing of fish is also a stimulus to the idea of "beneficial home fishkeeping" which emphasizes proper fish care, which, in turn supports those who catch the fish in the wild.[17] When there is no incentive to fish, individuals in the Rio Negro area turn to less-environmentally friendly means of support, such as logging or cattle ranching.[18] In fact, Project Piaba aims to actively discourage domestic farming of fish which are also sustainable resources, like the cardinal tetra, because it will take the financial incentive away from protecting the rain forest of the Rio Negro area.[19][20]

Legacy

The project has the support of aquariums and zoos around the world[21][22] and also from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[23]

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|url = http://discovermagazine.com/2013/april/13-buy-a-fish-save-a-tree|title = Buy a Fish, Save a Tree|last = Montgomery|first = Sy|date = 21 March 2013|journal = Discover Magazine|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 6 August 2015|volume = 34|issue = 3|pages = 26–27}}
2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url = http://www.neaq.org/conservation_and_research/projects/endangered_species_habitats/project_piaba.php|title = Project Piaba|date = |accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = New England Aquarium|last = |first = }}
3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://projectpiaba.org/who-we-are/history/|title = Project Piaba History|date = |accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Project Piaba|last = |first = }}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/rio_negro|title = 314: Rio Negro|date = |accessdate = 6 August 2015|website = Freshwater Ecoregions of the World|publisher = The Nature Conservancy|last = Petry|first = Paulo|last2 = Hales|first2 = Jennifer}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|url = http://www.ornamental-fish-int.org/research-support/projeto-piaba|title = Project Piaba|last = Chao|first = Ning Labbish|date = May 2002|journal = Ornamental Fish International|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 6 August 2015|issue = 39|last2 = Prang|first2 = Gregory}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|title = Phylogeography of a flooded forest specialist fish from central Amazonia based on intron DNA: the cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi|journal = Freshwater Biology|date = 2009-01-01|volume = 54|issue = 6|pages = 1216–1232|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02172.x|first = GEORGINA M.|last = COOKE|first2 = NING L.|last2 = CHAO|first3 = LUCIANO B.|last3 = BEHEREGARAY}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url = http://en.microcosmaquariumexplorer.com/wiki/Buy_A_(Wild)_Fish_-_Save_A_Tree|title = Buy a (Wild) Fish - Save a Tree|date = |accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Microcosm: Aquarium Explorer|last = |first = }}
8. ^[https://web.archive.org/save/http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/news/fishkeeping-news/articles/2017/5/30/obituary-dr-herbert-r-axelrod "Obituary: Dr. Herbert R. Axelrod"]. Practical Fishkeeping, 30 May 2017. Archived 20 June 2017.
9. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.fishchannel.com/fish-species/freshwater-profiles/cardinal-tetra-2.aspx|title = Cardinal Tetra Fish Stats|date = |accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Fish Channel|last = |first = }}
10. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.takepart.com/article/2013/06/24/endangered-fish-dna-barcoding|title = Can DNA Barcoding Really Save Endangered Fish?|last = Conniff|first = Richard|date = 24 June 2013|work = Take Part|access-date = 7 August 2015|via = }}
11. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.opefe.com/PPiaba_webver.doc|title = Forever 'Project Piaba'|date = 2008|accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Oregon Piranha Exotic Fish Exhibit (OPEFE)|last = Chao|first = Ning Labbish}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://www.tfhmagazine.com/details/articles/hope-along-the-rio-negro-part-1-the-view-from-manaus.htm|title = Hope Along the Rio Negro Part 1: The View From Manaus|last = Carey|first = Randy|date = March 2007|journal = The Fish Hobbyist Magazine|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 7 August 2015}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=6176|title = Cardinals Answer Prayers|date = 2 January 2014|accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Practical Fishkeeping|last = Hill|first = Nathan}}
14. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.boston.com/sponsored/extra/sponsored-ne-aquarium-fishstory|title = The Life Aquatic|last = Montgomery|first = Sy|date = 13 April 2015|work = The Boston Globe|access-date = 7 August 2015|via = Boston.com}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.petproductnews.com/July-2015/International-Waters-Industry-Unfairly-Attacked--Again/|title = International Waters: Industry Unfairly Attacked... Again!|last = Dawes|first = John|date = July 2015|work = Pet Product News|access-date = 7 August 2015|via = }}
16. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.aza.org/Membership/detail.aspx?id=30396|title = How to Create Protected Areas and Provide for Exhibits in the Future by Promoting a Socially and Environmentally Beneficial Aquarium Fish Trade|date = |accessdate = |website = Association of Zoos and Aquariums|last = Firchau|first = Beth|last2 = Dowd|first2 = Scott|last3 = Tlusty|first3 = Michael}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url = http://www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk/content.php?sid=6702|title = New Group to Examine Benefits of Fishkeeping Hobby|last = |first = |date = 27 March 2015|work = Practical Fishkeeping|access-date = 7 August 2015|via = }}
18. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.kearsney.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=518:project-piaba-trip-to-the-amazon-&catid=62:latest-news&Itemid=207|title = Matt Needham's Amazon Trip Follow-Up|date = 2003|accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Kearsney Old Boys|last = Needham|first = Matt}}
19. ^{{Cite book|title = Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern Zoo|last = Rothfels|first = Nigel|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0801869105|location = Baltimore, Maryland|pages = }}
20. ^{{Cite book|title = Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources|last = Helfman|first = Gene S.|publisher = Island Press|year = 2007|isbn = 9781559635950|location = Washington, D.C.|pages = 401–402}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/Conservation/BeyondOurOwnBackyard|title = Beyond Our Own Backyard|date = |accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium|last = |first = }}
22. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/julaug2000/dowd.htm|title = Conservation Spotlight|date = 2000|accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Endangered Species Update|publisher = School of Natural Resources and Environment|last = Dowd|first = Scott|last2 = Tlusty|first2 = Michael}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url = http://blog.kendall-press.com/2014/11/project-piaba/|title = Sustainability, Community and Project Piaba|date = 13 November 2014|accessdate = 7 August 2015|website = Kendall Press|last = |first = }}

External links

  • Official Page
  • [https://vimeo.com/124670986 Project Piaba: For Ornamental Fish] (video)
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8 : Fishkeeping|Ecological experiments|Environmental research|Rio Negro (Amazon)|Sustainable fisheries|Fisheries science|Conservation in Brazil|Amazon rainforest
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