1. Dizzard

2. Castle Point

3. Willapark (Boscastle)

4. Dinas Head

5. Winecove Point

6. Trevelgue Head

7. Tregea Hill

8. Crane Castle

9. Gurnard's Head

10. Bosigran

11. Kenidjack

12. Cape Cornwall

13. Maen Castle

14. Carn Les Boel

15. Treryn Dinas

16. St Michael's Mount

17. Lankidden

18. See also

19. References

20. External links

A promontory fort is a coastal headland, isolated from the mainland by one stone, turf or earthen rampart (a univallate fort), or more than one (a multivallate fort). Some promontory forts also have ditches, created by the excavation of material to form the rampart. British promontory forts were constructed during the Iron Age, and remained in more-or-less continuous use into the early Roman period. Their function remains uncertain. They would have offered ready access to sea-routes but those built in particularly inhospitable settings may have had only occasional or seasonal use. Inland hillforts show signs of human habitation and other uses before and after the Roman era, but cliff castles were occupied sparsely, if at all. Some hill forts abandoned during or before the Roman era were reoccupied from the post-Roman to early medieval eras but in the same period cliff castles fell into disuse. Some were quarried for their building stone.^[2]

The following cliff castles in Cornwall are listed by geographical location from the border with Devon at the Marsland Valley, west to Land's End and east via The Lizard to Cremyll overlooking Plymouth Sound. Unproven or uncertain sites are in italics.

Dizzard

Castle Point

Castle Point ({{gbmapping|SX144978}}) is claimed as a possible site by the West Cornwall Field Club. English Heritage describes it as a probably natural feature.^[5]

Willapark (Boscastle)

Willapark (Boscastle) ({{gbmapping|SX090913}}) is a headland to the west of Boscastle with a former coastguard lookout on the summit. It has a single 110 m straight bank, indistinct to the south-west and up to 1.8 m high, with a ditch on the landward side at its north-eastern end. The present path onto the headland may indicate the original entrance. The fort overlooks Forrabury Common, a medieval field system.^[6]

Dinas Head

Dinas Head ({{gbmapping|SW88762}}) is on the western side of Trevose Head within the parish of St Merryn. The headland is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and is included in a list of cliff castles awaiting classification. Aerial photographs show no sign of earthworks on the neck of the headland.^[7]

Winecove Point

Winecove Point ({{gbmapping|SW854738}}) is to the south of Treyarnon Bay, within the parish of St Merryn. It comprises three headlands, situated between White Cove and Wine Cove, each of which is registered as a separate Ancient Monument. The South West Coast Path passes on the east side of the entrance(s).

Trevelgue Head

Tregea Hill

Tregea Hill ({{gbmapping|SW648454}}) (also known as Western Hill) is the site of a possible promontory fort on the headland overlooking the village and former port of Portreath. Tregea was recorded in 1205 as Trege possibly meaning ″homestead of the bank or hedge″. The headland is enclosed by an earthen bank approximately 0.75 m high, and 1.5 m wide at the base, partly eroded by the sea.^[14]

Crane Castle

Crane Castle ({{gbmapping|SW631440}}) is on Carvannel Downs in the parish of Illogan. It is named or described in records in 1530, and again in 1635. The antiquarian William Borlase visited and described the site in the mid–18th century.^[15] Much of the cliff has eroded but a double rampart and ditches survive, being {{convert|85|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|71|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in length. The ramparts average {{convert|2.3|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in height and the ditch is up to {{convert|2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} deep and {{convert|1.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} wide.^[16] Small scale excavations in 2012 revealed the base of the inner ditch, {{convert|5.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} below the (contemporary) top of the rampart. The outer ditch was cut {{convert|1.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} into the bedrock. Ditch fill of quartz suggested an attempt to impress observers from the landward side. The narrow area between the ditches and steepness of the bands was thought to suggest a ″killing zone″, where attackers who overran the outer rampart, could be entrapped. The only find was the rim of a finely made bottle from the Roman period, probably imported from Gaul.^[17]

Gurnard's Head

Gurnard's Head ({{lang-kw|Ynyal}}, meaning desolate one) ({{gbmapping|SW431388}}) is a multivallate hillfort in the parish of Zennor and is one of only three to be excavated in Cornwall – the others being Maen Castle and Trevelgue Head. The inner rampart is the largest being over 5 m wide at the base and up to 2 m high although it was probably much higher as there is fallen masonry nearby. On the landward side there is an earthen bank with ditches on each side. Sixteen huts on the eastern side, sheltered from the prevailing wind show up as shallow scoops. Three were excavated (one partially) with few finds. Exact dating was not possible but the finds of an iron knife and iron buckle, spindle whorls, rubbing stone and pottery sherds indicate the middle second century BC for the initial occupation. The site is owned by the National Trust and is within the Aire Point to Carrick Du Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Bosigran

Bosigran Castle ({{gbmapping|SW415371}}) is an Ancient Monument within the parish of Zennor and owned by the National Trust. The cliff castle at Gurnard's Head is within sight to the east. The headland is cut off by a stone wall up to 1.6 m high with a blocked central entrance. There is no external ditch and no evidence of hut circles or occupation.^[19]

Kenidjack

Kenidjack Castle ({{gbmapping|SW355327}}) is a multivallate hillfort in the parish of St Just. Two sets of triple ramparts with outer ditches have been built on the north east and south west sides. The northern ramparts are the best preserved and show the remains of stone revetting, with the inner one almost wholly built of stone. The outermost rampart of the southern set has been lost through erosion and landslip. Shallow hollows and scoops within the headland may be signs of hut circles or mining activity.^[20]

Cape Cornwall

Maen Castle

The West Cornwall Field Club excavated the site in 1939 and again in 1948–9. Three hundred pottery sherds, mainly from one habitation site, were dated to between 800 and 400 BC. A 1986 National Trust survey found a ″kink″ in the line of the wall, which showed that the wall was built into an earlier field system, thought to be Bronze Age or early Iron Age.^[23]

Carn Les Boel

Carn Les Boel ({{gbmapping|SW357232}}) is an Ancient Monument situated between Nanjizal and Gwennap Head in the parish of St Levan. The South West Coast Path passes nearby. Its identification as a cliff castle or promontory fort is insecure. One of its banks may date to the enclosure of Higher Bosistow Cliff in the 19th century; apart from a gap of 5 m at Zawn Peggy, where the cliff has eroded, the bank and ditch follow the line of the cliff northwards for a further 300 m.^[24][25]

Treryn Dinas

St Michael's Mount

A complex of earthworks on St Michael's Mount ({{gbmapping|SW514298}}) are considered to be the ramparts of a cliff castle. They were discovered in 1992 on the eastern side of the Mount and separate the granite outcrop from the harbour area.^[29]

Lankidden

Lankidden ({{gbmapping|SW755168}}) is a univallate cliff castle between Coverack and Kennack Sands on the Lizard peninsula. The rampart is 100 m long and up to 4 m high and the ditch is 0.5 m deep. To the west, part of the rampart and ditch have been lost to erosion.^[30]

See also

• Logan Rock at Treryn Dinas promontory fort, close to Treen (St Levan)
• Promontory fort
• Map of Promontory forts of Cornwall compiled from this page

References

External links

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120918132746/http://www.pastscape.org/default.aspx Pastscape] England's archaeological and architectural heritage.
• Carn Lês Boel

• Tangara parzudakii
• Tangara peruviana
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• Tangara preciosa
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