- Phonology Consonants Grammar
- See also
- References
- External links
{{no footnotes|date=June 2012}}Proto Abkhaz-Abaza (or Proto-Abazgi) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Abkhaz and Abaza languages. Phonology Consonants The consonant system is reconstructed {{cn|date=April 2013}} with a four-way phonation contrast in stops and affricates, and a two-way contrast in fricatives. Below is the table of Proto-Abazgi Alphabet : | Proto | Abkhaz | Cyrillic | Abaza | | Bzyb | Abzhui | Tapant |
|---|
| *p | p | Ҧ ҧ | p | | *b | b | Б б | b | | *pʼ | pʼ | П п | pʼ | | *f | f | Ф ф | f | | *w | w | У у | w | | *m | m | М м | m | | *t | t | Ҭ ҭ | t | | *d | d | Д д | d | | *tʼ | tʼ | Т т | tʼ | | *r | r | Р р | r | | *l | l | Л л | l | | *n | n | Н н | n | | *tʷ | tʷ | Ҭә ҭә | tʃʷ | | *dʷ | dʷ | Дә дә | dʒʷ | | *ts | ts | Ц ц | ts | | *dz | dz | Ӡ ӡ | dz | | *tsʼ | tsʼ | Ҵ ҵ | tsʼ | | *s | s | С с | s | | *z | z | З з | z | | *tś | tś | ts | Ц ц | ts | | *dź | dź | dz(~z) | Ӡ ӡ | dz(~z) | | *tśˀ | tśˀ | tsˀ | Ҵ ҵ | tsˀ | | *ś | ś | s | С с | s | | *ź | ź | z | З з | z | | *tśʰʷ | tśs˞ʰ | ʈʂʰ | tʃʰʷ | | *dzʷ | dz˞ | ɖʐ | ʒʷ | | *tsʷˀ | ts˞ˀ | ʈʂˀ | tʃʷˀ | | *sʷ | s˞ | ʂ | ʃʷ | | *zʷ | z˞ | ʐ | ʒʷ | | *tʃ | tʃ | tʃ | | *dʒ | dʒ | dʒ | | *tʃˀ | tʃˀ | tʃˀ | | *ʃ | ʃ | ʃ | | *ʒ | ʒ | ʒ | | *tɕ | tɕ | tɕ | | *dʑ | dʑ | dʑ | | *tɕˀ | tɕˀ | tɕˀ | | *ɕ | ɕ | ɕ | | *ʑ | ʑ | ʑ | | *j | j | j | | *fʰVtsʰV | fʰ | tsʰ | | *dzVvV | v | dz | | *tsˀVfˀV | pˀ | fˀ | tsˀ | | *ʃʷ | ʂ | ʃʷ | | *ʒʷ | ʐ | ʒʷ | | *k | k | k | | *ɡ | ɡ | ɡ | | *kˀ | kˀ | kˀ | | *χ | χ | χ | | *ʁ | ʁ | ʁ | | *kʲ | kʲ | kʲ | | *ɡʲ | ɡʲ | ɡʲ | | *kʲˀ | kʲˀ | kʲˀ | | *χʲ | χʲ | χʲ | | *ʁʲ | ʁʲ | ʁʲ | | *kʷ | kʷ | kʷ | | *ɡʷ | ɡʷ | ɡʷ | | *kʷˀ | kʷˀ | kʷˀ | | *χʷ | χʷ | χʷ | | *ʁʷ | ʁʷ | ʁʷ | | *qʰ | χˤ | χ | qʰ | | *qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | | *qʲˀ | qʲˀ | qʲˀ | | *qʷ | χˤʷ | qʷ | | *qʷˀ | qʷˀ | qʷˀ | | *qˀ | qˀ | qˀ | | *ħ | ħ | ħ | | *ʕ | ɑɑ | ʕ | | *ħʷ | ħʷ | ħʷ | | *ʕʷ | ɥ | ʕʷ |
- In some Abaza dialects the Velar consonants turned to Uvular consonants.
The most noticeable changes are: - The velar consonants become uvular consonants in Abkhaz languages.
Grammar| English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz | Abaza | | quail | ač́a | - | áč́a | ač́a | | word | azʷa | áža | áž̌a | ažʷa | | enemy | aɣa | - | a-ʁá | aʁa | | snake | matǝ | - | matǝ | á-mat | | cheese | ašʷǝ | áš̌ | áš̌ | ašʷǝ |
| English | Proto-Abazgi | Abkhaz (Bzyb) | Abkhaz (Abzhui) | Abaza (Tapant) | | 1 | za-kʼə | a-kʼə | - | za-kʼə | | 2 | ʕʷ-ba | ɥ-ba | - | ʕʷ-ba | | 3 | χ-ba | χ-ba | - | χ-ba | | 4 | pɕ-ba | pɕ-ba | - | pɕ-ba | | 5 | χʷ-ba | xʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | χʷ-ba | | 6 | - | f-ba | - | t͡s-ba | | 7 | bəʑ-ba | bəʑ-ba | - | bəʑ-ba | | 8 | aʕ-ba | aa-ba | - | aʕ-ba | | 9 | *ʑʷ-ba | ʑʷ-ba | - | ʒʷ-ba | | 10 | *ʑʷa-ba | ʑʷa-ba | - | ʒʷa-ba | | 11 | - | ʑʷaj-za | - | ʒʷəj-z | | 12 | - | ʑʷaj-ɥa | - | ʒʷə-ʕʷ | | 13 | - | ʑʷa-xa | - | ʒʷa-χ | | 14 | - | ʑʷaj-pɕ | - | ʒʷəj-pɕ | | 15 | - | ʑʷa-xʷ | - | ʒʷə-χʷ | | 16 | - | ʑʷa-f | - | ʒʷaj-t͡s | | 17 | *ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | ʑʷaj-bəʑ̩ | - | ʒʷaj-bəʑ̩ | | 18 | *ʑʷ-ʕ | ʑʷ-aa | - | ʒʷa-ʕ | | 19 | *ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | ʒʷaj-ʑʷ | - | ʒʷaj-ʒʷ | | 20 | *ʕʷa-ʑʷa | ɥa-ʑʷa | - | ʕʷa-ʒʷa | | 100 | - | ɕʷ-kʼə | - | ʃʷ-kʼə | | 1000 | z-kʲə | z-kʲə | - | z-kʲə |
See also- Proto-Circassian language
- Proto-Northwest Caucasian language
References{{refbegin}}- STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: Preface.
{{refend}}External links- Word lists for Abkhaz
- Abaza basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
{{lang-stub}} 2 : Proto-languages|Northwest Caucasian languages |