| 词条 | Supermarine Walrus | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Supermarine Walrus (originally known as the Supermarine Seagull V) was a British single-engine amphibious biplane reconnaissance aircraft designed by R. J. Mitchell and first flown in 1933. Designed for use as a fleet spotter to be catapult launched from cruisers or battleships, the Walrus was later employed in other roles, notably as a rescue aircraft for aircrew in the sea. The Walrus continued in service throughout the Second World War, with the Fleet Air Arm (FAA), Royal Air Force (RAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). It was the first British squadron-service aircraft to incorporate in one airframe a fully retractable main undercarriage, completely enclosed crew accommodation and all-metal fuselage.[2] DevelopmentThe Walrus was initially developed as a private venture in response to a 1929 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) requirement for an aircraft to be catapult-launched from cruisers and was originally called the Seagull V, although it only resembled the earlier Supermarine Seagull III in general layout. Construction was started in 1930 but owing to other commitments Supermarine did not complete the aircraft 1933. The single-step hull was constructed from aluminium alloy, with stainless-steel forgings for the catapult spools and mountings. Metal construction was used because experience had shown that wooden structures deteriorated rapidly under tropical conditions.[3] The wings were slightly swept back and had stainless–steel spars, wooden ribs which were covered in fabric.[4] The lower wings were set in the shoulder position with a stabilising float mounted under each. The elevators were high on the tail-fin and braced on either side by N struts. The wings could be folded, giving a stowage width of {{convert|17|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}. The single {{cvt|620|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Pegasus II M2 radial engine was housed at the rear of a nacelle mounted on four struts above the lower wing and braced by four shorter struts to the centre-section of the upper wing. This powered a four-bladed, wooden pusher propeller. The nacelle contained the oil tank, arranged around the air intake at the front as an oil cooler; electrical equipment and had a number of access panels for maintenance. A supplementary oil cooler was mounted on the starboard side.[4] Fuel was carried in two tanks in the upper wings.[4] The pusher configuration had the advantages of keeping the engine and propeller further out of the way of spray when operating on water and reducing the noise level inside the aircraft. The propeller was safely away from any crew standing on the front deck, when picking up a mooring line.[5] The engine was offset by three degrees to starboard, to counter any tendency of the aircraft to yaw, due to unequal forces on the rudder caused by the vortex from the propeller. A solid aluminium tailwheel was enclosed by a small water-rudder, which could be coupled to the main rudder for taxiing or disengaged for takeoff and landing. Although the aircraft typically flew with one pilot, there were positions for two. The left-hand position was the main one, with the instrument panel and a fixed seat, while the right-hand seat could be folded away to allow access to the nose gun-position via a crawl-way.[6] An unusual feature was that the control column was not fixed in the usual way but could be unplugged from either of two sockets in the floor. It became a habit for only one column to be in use; when control was passed from the pilot to co-pilot or vice versa, the control column would simply be unplugged and handed over. Behind the cockpit, there was a small cabin with work stations for the navigator and radio operator.[6] Armament usually consisted of two .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine guns, one each in the open positions in the nose and rear fuselage; with provision for carrying bombs or depth charges mounted beneath the lower wings. Like other flying boats, the Walrus carried marine equipment for use on the water, including an anchor, towing and mooring cables, drogues and a boat-hook.[6] The prototype was first flown by "Mutt" Summers on 21 June 1933; five days later it made an appearance at the SBAC show at Hendon, where Summers startled the spectators (R. J. Mitchell among them) by looping the aircraft.[7] Such aerobatics were possible because the aircraft had been stressed for catapult launching. On 29 July Supermarine handed the aircraft over to the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe. Over the following months extensive trials were carried out, including shipborne trials aboard Repulse and Valiant carried out on behalf of the Royal Australian Navy and catapult trials carried out by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough, becoming the first amphibious aircraft in the world to be launched by catapult with a full military load,[8] piloted by Flight Lieutenant Sydney Richard Ubee.[9] The strength of the aircraft was demonstrated in 1935, when the prototype was attached to the battleship Nelson at Portland.[10] With the commander-in-chief of the Home Fleet, Admiral Roger Backhouse, on board the pilot attempted a water touch-down, forgetting that the undercarriage was in the down position.[11] The Walrus was immediately flipped over but the occupants only had minor injuries; the machine was later repaired and returned to service. Soon afterwards, the Walrus became one of the first aircraft to be fitted with an undercarriage position indicator on the instrument panel.[12] Test pilot Alex Henshaw later stated that the Walrus was strong enough to make a wheels-up landing on grass without much damage (he also commented that it was "the noisiest, coldest and most uncomfortable" aircraft he had ever flown).[13] When flying from a warship, the Walrus would be recovered by touching-down alongside, then lifted from the sea by a ship's crane. The Walrus lifting-gear was kept in a compartment in the section of wing directly above the engine. A crewmember would climb onto the top wing and attach this to the crane hook. Landing and recovery was a straightforward procedure in calm waters but could be very difficult if the conditions were rough. The usual procedure was for the parent ship to turn through around 20° just before the aircraft touched down, creating a 'slick' to the lee side of ship on which the Walrus could alight, this being followed by a fast taxi up to the ship before the 'slick' dissipated.[14] The RAAF ordered 24 examples of the Seagull V in 1933, these being delivered from 1935. Production aircraft differed from the prototype and the aircraft flown by the RAF in having Handley-Page slots fitted to the upper wings.[15] The first order for 12 aircraft for the RAF was placed in May 1935; the first production aircraft, serial number K5772, flying on 16 March 1936.[16] In RAF service the type was named Walrus and initial production aircraft were powered by the Pegasus II M2; from 1937 the {{convert|750|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Pegasus VI was fitted. Production aircraft differed in minor details from the prototype; the transition between the upper decking and the aircraft sides was rounded off, the three struts bracing the tailplane were reduced to two, the trailing edges of the lower wing were hinged to fold 90° upwards rather than 180° downwards and the external oil cooler was omitted.[17] A total of 740 Walruses were built in three major variants: the Seagull V, Walrus I and the Walrus II. The Mark IIs were constructed by Saunders-Roe and the prototype first flew in May 1940. This aircraft had a wooden hull, which was heavier but economised on the use of light metal alloys.[18] Saunders-Roe license-built 270 metal Mark Is and 191 wooden-hulled Mark IIs.[18] The successor to the Walrus was the Supermarine Sea Otter, a similar but more powerful design. Sea Otters never completely replaced the Walrus and both were used for air-sea rescue during the latter part of the war. A post-war replacement for both aircraft, the Supermarine Seagull, was cancelled in 1952, with only prototypes being constructed. By that time, air-sea rescue helicopters were taking over from small flying-boats.[19] The Walrus was known as the "Shagbat" or sometimes "Steam-pigeon"; the latter name coming from the steam produced by water striking the hot Pegasus engine. Operational historyThe first Seagull V, A2-1, was handed over to the Royal Australian Air Force in 1935, with the last, A2-24 delivered in 1937. The type served aboard HMA Ships Australia, Canberra, Sydney, Perth and Hobart. Walrus deliveries to the RAF started in 1936 when the first example to be deployed was assigned to the New Zealand division of the Royal Navy, on {{HMNZS|Achilles|70|2}}– one of the Leander-class light cruisers that carried one Walrus each. The Royal Navy Town-class cruisers carried two Walruses during the early part of the war and Walruses also equipped the York-class and County-class heavy cruisers. Some battleships, such as Warspite and Rodney carried Walruses, as did the monitor Terror and the seaplane tender Albatross. By the start of World War II the Walrus was in widespread use. Although its principal intended use was gunnery spotting in naval actions, this only occurred twice: Walruses from Renown and Manchester were launched in the Battle of Cape Spartivento and a Walrus from Gloucester was used in the Battle of Cape Matapan.[20] The main task of ship-based aircraft was patrolling for Axis submarines and surface-raiders and by March 1941, Walruses were being deployed with Air to Surface Vessel (ASV) radars to assist in this.[20][21] During the Norwegian Campaign and the East African Campaign, they also saw very limited use in bombing and strafing shore targets.[22] In August 1940, a Walrus operating from Hobart bombed and machine-gunned an Italian headquarters at Zeila in Somalia.[23] By 1943, catapult-launched aircraft on cruisers and battleships were being phased out; their role at sea was taken over by much-improved radar. Also, a hangar and catapult occupied a considerable amount of valuable space on a warship. However, Walruses continued to fly from Royal Navy carriers for air-sea rescue and general communications tasks. Their low landing speed meant they could make a carrier landing despite having no flaps or tailhook.[24] Air-sea rescueThe Walrus was used in the air-sea rescue role in both the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. The specialist RAF Air Sea Rescue Service squadrons flew a variety of aircraft, using Spitfires and Boulton Paul Defiants to patrol for downed aircrew, Avro Ansons to drop supplies and dinghies, and Walruses to pick up aircrew from the water.[21] RAF air-sea rescue squadrons were deployed to cover the waters around the United Kingdom, the Mediterranean Sea and the Bay of Bengal.[25] Over a thousand aircrew were picked up during these operations, with 277 Squadron responsible for 598 of these.[26] Experimental useIn late 1939 two Walruses were used at Lee-on-Solent for trials of ASV (Air to Surface Vessel) radar, the dipole aerials being mounted on the forward interplane struts. In 1940 a Walrus was fitted with a forward-firing Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, intended as a counter-measure against German E-boats. Although the Walrus proved to be a stable gun-platform, the muzzle flash rapidly blinded the pilot, and the idea was not taken up.[27] Other usersThree Walruses N.18 (L2301), N.19 (L2302) and N.20 (L2303) were to be delivered on 3 March 1939, and used by Irish Air Corps as maritime patrol aircraft during the Irish Emergency of World War II.[25] They were scheduled to fly from Southampton to Baldonnel Aerodrome, Ireland. N.19 made the trip successfully, but N.20 had to be rerouted to Milford Haven and N.18 and its crew of two (LT Higgins and LT Quinlan) were left with no choice but to go down during high seas causing damage to the hull. N.18 ditched near Ballytrent, just south of the former United States Naval Air Station, Wexford. It was decided to tow the N.18, with help of the Rosslare Harbour lifeboat and a local fishing boat to the launch slip once used for the Curtiss H-16s during WW1. It was then loaded on a truck to complete its journey to the Baldonnel Aerodrome where it was repaired. The Supermarine Walrus N.18 (also identified as L2301) is currently on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton, England and is one of only surviving 3 aircraft of the type. A Walrus I was shipped to Arkhangelsk with other supplies brought on the British Convoy PQ 17. After sustaining damage it was repaired and supplied to the 16th air transport detachment. This sole Walrus flew to the end of 1943.[28] After the war, some Walruses continued to see limited military use with the RAF and foreign navies. Eight were operated by Argentina, two flew from the cruiser {{ship|ARA|La Argentina|C-3|2}} as late as 1958.[37] Other aircraft were used for training by the French Navy's Aviation navale.[37] Civil useWalruses also found civil and commercial use. They were briefly used by a whaling company, United Whalers. Operating in the Antarctic, they were launched from the factory ship FF Balaena, which had been equipped with a surplus navy aircraft catapult.[29] The aircraft used were slightly modified; they were fitted with electrical sockets to power the electrically heated suits, worn by the crew under their immersion suits. A small, petrol-burning cabin heater was fitted to help keep the crews comfortable during flights that could last over five hours.[30] A Dutch whaling company embarked Walruses, but never flew them.[29] Four aircraft were bought from the RAAF by Amphibious Airways of Rabaul. Licensed to carry up to ten passengers, they were used for charter and air ambulance work, remaining in service until 1954.[31] Variants
Original Metal-hull version.
Metal-hull version.
Wooden-hull version. OperatorsMilitary operators
Civilian operators
Surviving aircraftThree examples survive in museums in addition to one that is privately owned. Wreckage that is thought to be that of the Walrus assigned to the cruiser HMAS Sydney was photographed when the wreck of the vessel was rediscovered in 2008.[37]
One of the original Australian aircraft, and now on display at the Royal Air Force Museum London. Built in 1934, it arrived in Australia in early 1936 where it was initially allocated to No. 101 Flight RAAF, which shortly afterwards became No. 5 Squadron RAAF. Before the war, it had various duties, which included survey work and flying from HMAS Sydney. It served for most of the war with No. 9 Squadron RAAF in Australia. In 1946, it was sold to civilian owners and allocated the civil registration VH–ALB. During the 1950s and 60s, it was flown by several Australian private owners before being badly damaged in a takeoff accident in 1970 at Taree, New South Wales. The vandalised, derelict wreck was subsequently acquired from its owner by the RAF Museum, in exchange for a Spitfire and a cash payment.[38] In 1973, it was flown back to the United Kingdom by an RAF Short Belfast via the Pacific and the United States, although the aircraft had to be fumigated in Hawaii due to the discovery of Black widow spiders. Restoration immediately began after its arrival at the RAF Museum store at RAF Henlow and it has been on display at the museum's London site (Hendon) since 1979.[39]
This aircraft is on display at the Royal Australian Air Force Museum. It was originally flown by the Fleet Air Arm, before being transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force in 1943. During the war, HD874 was flown by the RAAF's No. 9 Squadron and No. 8 Communication Unit. Post-war, it was placed in storage until 1947, when it was issued to the RAAF's Antarctic flight, for use on Heard Island. The Antarctic Flight only flew it once before it was badly damaged by a storm. It was recovered in 1980, and restored between 1993 and 2002.[40]
The Walrus displayed at the Fleet Air Arm Museum at RNAS Yeovilton is a composite aircraft, constructed using the fuselage and engine of Walrus L2301. Built in 1939, this aircraft never flew in British military service. It was delivered to the Irish Air Corps, who flew it during World War 2,[52] when it carried the Irish designation N.18. During its delivery flight, on 3 March 1939, it suffered engine failure and later hull damage from ditching in the high seas. The aircraft was towed to the former launch strip for the Curtiss H-16s at the United States Naval Air Station, Ireland. On 9 January 1942 N.18 was stolen by four Irish nationals who intended to fly to France to join the Luftwaffe. However, they were intercepted by RAF Spitfires and escorted to RAF St Eval; the aircraft and its occupants were returned to Ireland.[41] After the war, it was transferred to Aer Lingus and given the Irish civil registration EI-ACC. However, the Irish airline never flew it and instead sold it to Wing Commander Ronald Gustave Kellett in 1946 for £150[41](equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|150|1946|{{Inflation-year|UK}}|r=-4}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK}}, when adjusted for inflation).{{inflation-fn|UK}} It was given the British civilian registration G-AIZG and flown until 1949 by members of No. 615 Squadron RAF for recreation.[41] In 1963, it was recovered from a dump at Haddenham airfield (formerly RAF Thame)[42] by members of the Historic Aircraft Preservation Society. They presented it to the Fleet Air Arm Museum who restored it between 1964 and 1966, it has been an exhibit at the Fleet Air Museum since then.[41]
This aircraft was at one time part of the collection of Solent Sky,[43] an air museum in Southampton. The museum began restoring the aircraft to flying condition. Later the project was sold to James Lyle and the restoration restarted in 2011 at Vintage Fabrics, Audley End, Essex. Specifications (Supermarine Walrus){{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Supermarine Walrus I & Seagull V Variants[44] |crew=3–4 |length main=37 ft 7 in |length alt=11.45 m |span main=45 ft 10 in |span alt=14.0 m |height main=15 ft 3 in |height alt=4.6 m |area main=610 ft² |area alt=56.7 m² |empty weight main=4,900 lb |empty weight alt=2,220 kg |loaded weight main=7,200 lb |loaded weight alt=3,265 kg |max takeoff weight main=8,050 lb |max takeoff weight alt=3,650 kg |more general= |engine (prop)=Bristol Pegasus VI |type of prop=radial engine |number of props=1 |power main=680 hp |power alt=510 kW |max speed main=135 mph |max speed alt=215 km/h |max speed more=at 4,750 ft (1,450 m) |range main=600 mi |range alt=965 km |ceiling main=18,500 ft |ceiling alt=5,650 m |climb rate main=1,050 ft/min |climb rate alt=5.3 m/s |loading main=11.8 lb/ft² |loading alt=57.6 kg/m² |power/mass main=0.094 hp/lb |power/mass alt=0.16 kW/kg |more performance= |guns=2 or 3 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine guns |bombs=6 {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs or 2 {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}} bombs or 2 {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}} Mk.VIII depth charges }} See also{{Aircontent|related =
|similar aircraft =
|lists =
}} Notes1. ^Kightly and Wallsgrove 2004, p. 11. 2. ^Brown 1972, p. 25. 3. ^Brown 1972, p.28. 4. ^1 2 Flight (1934), p.299 5. ^Flight (1934), p. 298. 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.seawings.co.uk/walmangal.htm |title= Supermarine Walrus Manual |publisher= Seawings |accessdate= 2009-12-24}} 7. ^Mitchell, 2006, p.135 8. ^Kightly and Wallsgrove 2004, p. 10. 9. ^Later, the commander of experimental flying at Farnborough and an Air Vice Marshal 10. ^Nicholl 1966 p.26. 11. ^Backhouse was being flown back from a conference in London: cloud cover forced the flight to be made at a low altitude, and then-current regulations required the undercarriage to be lowered when flying at less than 2,000 ft 12. ^Mitchell, 2006, p.136 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://johnkshelton.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/r-j-mitchells-seagull-vwalrus-he-looped.html | title=Mitchell's Walrus – 'he looped the bloody thing' | work=R J Mitchell and Supermarine | date=30 June 2012 | accessdate=28 January 2013 | author=Shelton, John}} 14. ^Nicholls 1966, p.48. 15. ^Nicholls 1966, p.29. 16. ^Thetford 1982 p.321. 17. ^Nicholls 1966 p.29. 18. ^1 London 2003, p. 179. 19. ^London 2003, p. 232. 20. ^1 London 2003, p. 177. 21. ^1 London 2003, p. 182. 22. ^London 2003, p. 178. 23. ^{{cite news | title=Italian Advance In Somaliland | work=The Times | date=10 August 1942 | location=London | pages=4 | issue=48691}} 24. ^London 2003, p. 181. 25. ^1 London 2003, p. 183. 26. ^Nicholls 1966, p.116. 27. ^Brown 1972, p.34. 28. ^"British aircraft in Russia" by Viktor P. Kulikov, Air Power History, Spring, 2004 29. ^1 2 3 London 2003, p. 213. 30. ^{{cite journal | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%201123.html | title=Air-Whaling | author=Grierson, John | journal=Flight |date=June 1947 | volume=52 | issue=2011}} 31. ^Brown 1972, p.47. 32. ^Brown 1972, p. 47. 33. ^Brown 1972, p. 40. 34. ^Kightly and Wallsgrove 2004, p. 116. 35. ^Brown 1972, pp. 47–48. 36. ^Kightly and Wallsgrove 2004, p. 128. 37. ^{{cite web | url=http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P09281.982 | title=P09281.982 | publisher=Australian War Mamorial | accessdate=5 December 2012 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130115013955/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P09281.982 | archivedate=15 January 2013 | df=dmy-all }} 38. ^Spitfire Mk. XVI TE384 and Australian $5,000. The Spitfire was eventually restored to flying status. 39. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/73-A-426-Seagull-V-A2-4-(Walrus).pdf |title= Individual History: Supermarine Seagull V A2-4/VH-ALB|author= Andrew Simpson|year= 2007|publisher= Royal Air Force Museum|accessdate=27 October 2009 }} 40. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/exhibitions/tech_hang/walrus.htm |title= Supermarine Walrus HD 874 |work= |publisher=RAAF Museum Point Cook |accessdate= 23 February 2013}} 41. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web |url=http://www.fleetairarm.com/en-GB/exhibit/Supermarine_Walrus_L2301/1_29_9.aspx |title=Supermarine Walrus (L2301) |author= |work= |publisher=Fleet Air Arm Museum |accessdate=29 September 2010}} 42. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.haddenhamairfieldhistory.co.uk/beaufighters.htm |title=1945–1963 |author=Peter Chamberlain |work=Haddenham Airfield: A history of a small Buckinghamshire airfield |publisher= |accessdate=29 September 2010}} 43. ^Solent Sky Museum 44. ^Brown 1972, p. 48. ReferencesCitations{{Reflist|2}}Bibliography{{refbegin}}
Further reading
External links{{Commons category}}
7 : British military reconnaissance aircraft 1930–1939|Amphibious aircraft|Biplanes|Single-engined pusher aircraft|Supermarine aircraft|Carrier-based aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1933 |
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