“Psychic damage”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In his book Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do, U.S. social psychologist Claude Steele wrote that the psyches of individual African-Americans gets damaged "by bad images of the group projected in society -- images of blacks as aggressive, as less intelligent, and so on." Repeated exposure to these images, he wrote, is internalized by members of the stigmatized group, which damages their character by causing low self-esteem, low expectations, low motivation and self-doubt, and contributes to societal problems such as high unemployment, poor marriage success, low educational achievement and criminality.

Initially the concept of psychic damage was used to describe the effects of stigmatization on African-Americans, but the concept has also been applied to other stigmatized groups, such as Native Americans,^[3] Latino people^[4] and women.^[5]

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title = Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do (Issues of Our Time)|last = Steele|first = Claude M.|publisher = W. W. Norton & Company|year = 2011|isbn = 0393339726|location = |pages = 46–7}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.coas.howard.edu/history/faculty_Scott.htm|title = Faculty - Daryl Scott|date = 29 November 2014|accessdate = |website = Howard University College of Arts and Sciences Department Of History|publisher = Howard University|last = |first = }}
3. ^{{Cite journal|url = http://www.law.ou.edu/content/american-indian-law-review-2|title = |last = |first = |date = 2003|journal = American Indian Law Review |volume=28|accessdate = 29 November 2014|doi = |pmid = |page = 81}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title = The Bust Guide to the New Girl Order|last = Karp|first = Marcelle|publisher = Penguin Books|year = 1999|isbn = |location = |pages = }}
5. ^{{Cite book|title = Feminists Doing Ethics|last = DesAutels|first = Peggy|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year = 2013|isbn = |location = |pages = }}