“Punjabi Braille”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Punjabi Braille

释义

Alphabet
Pointing Codas
Punctuation
References

{{Infobox writing system
| name = Punjabi Braille
| altname = Gurmukhi Braille
| type = Alphabet
| typedesc =
| time =
| languages = Punjabi language
| fam1 = Braille
| fam2 = English Braille
| fam3 = Bharati Braille
| print = Gurmukhi alphabet
| sample =
| imagesize =
| note = none
| note2 = Indic
}}Punjabi Braille is the braille alphabet used in India for Punjabi. It is one of the Bharati braille alphabets, and largely conforms to the letter values of the other Bharati alphabets.^[1]

Alphabet

The alphabet is as follows.^[2] Vowel letters are used rather than diacritics, and they occur after consonants in their spoken order. For orthographic conventions, see Bharati Braille.

ISO	a	ā	i	ī	u	ū	ē	e	ō	o
Gurmukhi	ਅ	ਆ	ਇ	ਈ	ਉ	ਊ	ਏ	ਐ	ਓ	ਔ
Braille	type=image\|1}}	type=image\|453}}	type=image\|42}}	type=image\|53}}	type=image\|136}}	type=image\|1256}}	type=image\|15}}	type=image\|43}}	type=image\|153}}	type=image\|426}}

ISO	k	kh	g	gh	ṅ
Gurmukhi	ਕ	ਖ	ਗ	ਘ	ਙ
Braille	type=image\|13}}	type=image\|46}}	type=image\|1425}}	type=image\|126}}	type=image\|436}}

ISO	c	ch	j	jh	ñ
Gurmukhi	ਚ	ਛ	ਜ	ਝ	ਞ
Braille	type=image\|14}}	type=image\|16}}	type=image\|425}}	type=image\|536}}	type=image\|25}}

ISO	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	ḍh	ṇ
Gurmukhi	ਟ	ਠ	ਡ	ਢ	ਣ
Braille	type=image\|42536}}	type=image\|4256}}	type=image\|1426}}	type=image\|142536}}	type=image\|4536}}

ISO	t	th	d	dh	n
Gurmukhi	ਤ	ਥ	ਦ	ਧ	ਨ
Braille	type=image\|4253}}	type=image\|1456}}	type=image\|145}}	type=image\|4236}}	type=image\|1453}}

ISO	p	ph	b	bh	m
Gurmukhi	ਪ	ਫ	ਬ	ਭ	ਮ
Braille	type=image\|1423}}	type=image\|253}}	type=image\|12}}	type=image\|45}}	type=image\|143}}

ISO	y	r	l	v
Gurmukhi	ਯ	ਰ	ਲ	ਵ
Braille	type=image\|14536}}	type=image\|1253}}	type=image\|123}}	type=image\|1236}}

ISO	s	h	ṛ ^[3]
Gurmukhi	ਸ	ਹ	ੜ
Braille	type=image\|423}}	type=image\|125}}	type=image\|12456}}

Pointing

The Bharati point, {{Braille cell|5|type=text}}, is only used to derive one consonant, ਗ਼ ġa {{IPA|/ɣə/}}, from the base consonant letter ਗ ga {{IPA|/ɡə/}}. This system also operates in Hindi Braille and Indian Urdu Braille, but the Punjabi Braille alphabet is closer to Indian Urdu, as all other consonants that are pointed in print, such as ਖ਼ xa, are rendered with dedicated letters in braille based on international values. The six pointed letters in the Gurmukhi script have the following equivalents in braille:

ISO	x	ġ	z	f	ḷ	ś
Gurmukhi	ਖ਼	ਗ਼	ਜ਼	ਫ਼	ਲ਼	ਸ਼
Braille	type=image\|x}}	type=image\|5\|g}}	type=image\|z}}	type=image\|f}}	type=image\|ll}}	type=image\|sh}}

Codas

Points are used for syllable codas.

Diacritics	Halant		Anusvara		Visarga		Candrabindu
Gurmukhi	ਕ੍		ਕਂ		ਕਃ		ਕਁ
Braille	{{Braille cell\|type=image\|4}}		{{Braille cell\|type=image\|56}}		{{Braille cell\|type=image\|6}}		{{Braille cell\|type=image\|3}}

Punctuation

See Bharati Braille#Punctuation.

References

1. ^World Braille Usage, UNESCO, -2013
2. ^UNESCO (2013) World Braille Usage, 3rd edition.
3. ^Unesco (2013) also has {{Braille cell|5|14256}} for ੜ੍ਹ ṛh, but this is an apparent copy error: ੜ੍ਹ is a sequence ṛ-h, not the equivalent of the single letter ṛh in other Indic scripts.

3 : Bharati braille alphabets|Punjabi language|Gurmukhī script

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