| 词条 | Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union |
| 释义 |
| name = Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union | native_name = Верховный Совет Советского Союза | legislature = Legislative body in the Soviet Union | house_type = Bicameral | logo_pic = Badge of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.svg | logo_res = 200px | logo_alt = | members = 542 (at dissolution) | chambers = Soviet of Nationalities Soviet of the Union | established = 1938 | preceded_by = Congress of Soviets and the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union | disbanded = 1991 | succeeded_by = {{unbulleted list | Congress of People's Deputies | Several post-Soviet Supreme Councils:{{hidden|header=list|content=
}} }} | session_room = Supreme Soviet 1982.jpg | meeting_place = Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow Kremlin |voting_system1 = Direct non-competitive elections (1936—1989) Elected by Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (1989—1991) | structure1 = |structure1_res = |political_groups1 = |last_election1 = 4 March 1984 (last direct election) 26 March 1989 (last – and only – indirect election) }}{{Soviet Union sidebar}} The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ({{Lang-rus|Верхо́вный Сове́т Сове́тского Сою́за|r=Verkhóvny Sovét Sovétskogo Soyúza|p=vʲɪrˈxovnɨj sɐˈvʲet sɐvʲˈetskəvə sɐˈjuzə}}) was the most authoritative legislative body of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) beginning 1936, and the only one with the power to approve constitutional amendments. (The Congress of Soviets was the supreme legislative body from 1917 to 1936. During 1989–1991 a similar, but not identical (elected directly by the people instead of local Soviets) structure (Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR) was the supreme legislative body.) It elected the Presidium, served as the collective head of state of the USSR,[1] and appointed the Council of Ministers, the Supreme Court, and the Procurator General of the USSR. StructureThe Supreme Soviet was composed of two chambers, each with equal legislative powers, with members elected for four-year terms:[2]
By the Soviet constitutions of 1936 and 1977, the Supreme Soviet was defined as the highest organ of state power in the Soviet Union, and was imbued with great lawmaking powers. In practice, however, it did little more than approve decisions made already by the USSR's executive organs and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).[3] This was in accordance with the Communist Party's principle of democratic centralism, and became the norm for other Communist legislatures. The Supreme Soviet convened twice a year, usually for less than a week. For the rest of the year, the Presidium performed its ordinary functions. Often, the CPSU bypassed the Supreme Soviet altogether and had major laws enacted as Presidium decrees. Nominally, such decrees had to be ratified by the full Supreme Soviet–- a process that was usually a mere formality. However, in some cases, even this formality was not observed.[3] After 1989 it consisted of 542 deputies (decreased from previously 1,500). The meetings of the body were also more frequent, from six to eight months a year.[4] Between 1938 and February 1990, more than 50 years, only 80 laws were passed by the Supreme Soviet, less than 1% of total legislative acts.[5] LeadersChairmen of the Presidium (1938–1989)
Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet (1989–1991)
Convocations
Supreme councils of union and autonomous republicsBeside the Supreme Council, in the Soviet Union supreme councils also existed in each of the union and autonomous republics. The supreme councils of republican level also had presidiums, but all those councils consisted of one chamber. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, some councils of the succeeded independent republics simply changed their name to their more historic name or to emphasise the importance of the council as a national parliament, while others changed to double-chamber assemblies. All republics in the USSR were soviet (as soviet national), yet 15 were of union level, while the other, autonomous republics, were subordinated to the union republics. Supreme councils of union republics
Supreme councils of autonomous republicList of known autonomous republics councils:
See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.sk/books?id=ZH9nkBOxrZQC&pg=PA165&dq=presidium+of+the+supreme+soviet+collective+head+of+state&hl=cs&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1lb3F_cXQAhVKBsAKHcNmBysQ6AEINTAE#v=onepage&q=presidium%20of%20the%20supreme%20soviet%20collective%20head%20of%20state&f=false|title=Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction– Google Knihy |publisher=Books.google.cz |date= January 1, 1978|accessdate=2016-11-26}} 2. ^Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, entry on "Верховный Совет СССР", available online here 3. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH9nkBOxrZQC&pg=PA165&lpg=PA165&dq=Supreme+Soviet+rubber+stamp&source=bl&ots=sgqdtbayDc&sig=ZK9PhBFj2wSlMA1JoguIitwTplA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPj5aFterbAhVIt1MKHeL0DFY4ChDoAQgoMAA#v=onepage&q=Supreme%20Soviet%20rubber%20stamp&f=false|title=Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction|author1=John Alexander Armstrong|publisher=University Press of America|date=1986|isbn=0819154059}} 4. ^Peter Lentini (1991) in: The Journal of Communist Studies, Vol. 7, No.1, pp. 69-94 5. ^«Avante!», newspaper of Portuguese Communist Party, February 22nd, 1990, section «Em Foco», page IX 6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160204085149/http://vs.sssr.su/ Supreme Council of the Soviet Union]. "Portal SSSR". 7. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20160204084725/http://vs.sssr.su/13/ Supreme Council of the Soviet Union new composition]. "Portal SSSR". External links
5 : Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Government of the Soviet Union|Defunct bicameral legislatures|1938 establishments in the Soviet Union|1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union |
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