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词条 Suzdal
释义

  1. History

  2. Administrative and municipal status

  3. Tourism

     Monuments  Festivals  Infrastructure 

  4. Film

  5. Twin towns

  6. Notable people

  7. See also

  8. References

     Notes  Sources 

  9. External links

{{manual|date=October 2018}}{{peacock|date=October 2018}}{{Other uses of}}{{Infobox Russian city
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|ru_name=Суздаль
|image_skyline=Собор Богородице-Рождественский купола.jpg
|image_caption=Domes of the Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral
|coordinates = {{coord|56|25|N|40|27|E|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Suzdal.png
|image_flag=Flag of Suzdal (Vladimir oblast).png
|holiday=2nd Saturday of August
|holiday_ref=[1]
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|urban_settlement_jur=Suzdal Urban Settlement
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|leader_name=Larisa Majorova
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|pop_latest=9978
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|postal_codes=601291, 601293
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}}{{Infobox
|bodystyle=width:23.5em;
|title=Suzdal population
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|data1=10,535[13]
|label2=2002 Census
|data2=11,357[5]
|label3=1989 Census
|data3=12,063[6]
|label4=1979 Census
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}}Suzdal ({{lang-rus|Суздаль|p=ˈsuzdəlʲ}}) is a town and the administrative center of Suzdalsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Kamenka River, {{convert|26|km|sp=us}} north of the city of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 10,535.[8]

Suzdal is one of the oldest Russian towns. In the 12th century it became the capital of the principality, with Moscow being merely one of its subordinate settlements. Nowadays Suzdal is the smallest of the Russian Golden Ring towns with population of around 10,000,[9] but is a major tourist attraction.[15] Several of its monuments are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[25][26]

History

The town's history dates back to 1024 and in 1125 Yury Dolgoruky made Suzdal the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality.[27] Suzdal began to function as a capital at the time when Moscow was still a cluster of cowsheds.[15] In 1157 Andrei Bogolyubsky moved the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir, from which time the principality was known as Vladimir-Suzdal. Set in a fertile wheat-growing area, Suzdal remained a trade centre even after Mongol-led invasions. Eventually, it united with Nizhny Novgorod until both were annexed by Moscow in 1392.[10]

After a decline in political importance, the town rose in prominence as a religious center with incredible development projects funded by Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. In the late 17th and 18th centuries, wealthy merchants paid for 30 charming churches, which still adorn the town.[10] Thus Suzdal reached remarkable ratio of churches to citizens: at one point, forty churches for four hundred families.

In 1864, local merchants failed to coerce the government into building the Trans-Siberian Railway through their town. Instead it went through Vladimir, {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}} away. As a result, Suzdal was bypassed not only by trains, but by the 20th century altogether.[15] Furthermore, in 1967 Suzdal earned a federally protected status, which officially limited the development in the area.[10] That is why the place remains largely the same as ages ago – its cute wooden cottages mingling with golden cupolas that reflect in the river Kamenka, which meanders sleepily through gentle hills and flower-filled meadows.[11]

Today, the town operates as an important tourist center, featuring many fine examples of old Russian architecture—most of them churches and monasteries. Although having just under ten thousand residents, Suzdal still retains a rural look with streams and meadows everywhere and chicken and livestock a common sight on the streets, some of which remain unpaved. This juxtaposition of stunning medieval architecture with its pastoral setting lends Suzdal a picturesque charm, and in the summer, artists and easels are a common sight.[12]

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Suzdal serves as the administrative center of Suzdalsky District,[13] to which it is directly subordinated.[14] As a municipal division, the town of Suzdal is incorporated within Suzdalsky Municipal District as Suzdal Urban Settlement.[15]

Tourism

The only industry in the town is tourism. Suzdal avoided the industrialisation of the Soviet times and was able to preserve a great number of stunning examples of the Russian architecture of the 13th-19th century. There are 305 monuments and listed buildings in Suzdal, including 30 churches, 14 bell towers and 5 monasteries and convents. 79 of them are federally protected buildings and 167 are regionally protected.[4]

In 1992 two of the monuments (Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius and Kremlin with Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral) were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, together with six other White Monuments in this region.[16][17]

Monuments

  • The Kremlin is the oldest part of Suzdal, dating from the 10th century. It is a predecessor of the Moscow Kremlin. In the 12th century it was the base of prince Yury Dolgoruky, who ruled the vast northeastern part of Kyivan Rus and, among many other things, founded an outpost, which is now Moscow.[11] A posad (settlement) to the east became home to the secular population - shopkeepers and craftsmen, while the Kremlin (fortress) proper was the home of the prince, the archbishop, and the high clergy. Within the Kremlin, the Archbishop’s Chambers houses the Suzdal History Exhibition, which includes a visit to the 18th-century Cross Hall, which was used for receptions. More exhibits are provided in the 1635 kremlin bell tower (Звонница) in the yard.
  • The {{convert|1.4|km|1|adj=mid|-long}} earth rampart of Kremlin encloses a number of houses and churches, including the Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral. This cathedral, with its blue domes spangled with gold, was constructed in 1222-1225 by Yury II on the site of an earlier church built around 1102 by Vladimir Monomakh. It was built of light tufa with limestones for details. In 1445 the cathedral collapsed and was rebuilt in 1528-1530 with the upper structure and drums being constructed of new brick.[18] The original 13th-century door from the cathedral is now on exhibition in the Archbishop’s Chambers.
  • Saviour Monastery of St Euthymius was founded in 1352 to the north of the town centre on the high bank of the Kamenka river. It was built under the order of the Suzdal-Nizhniy Novgorod prince Konstantin. The monastery was planned as a fortress and was originally enclosed by a wooden wall, later destroyed by the Poles. Today's reddish brick walls of the Suzdal monastery were erected over four years, from 1640 to 1644. The solid fortifications have 12 towers constructed according to the artillery power which appeared at that time. When the value of the monastery as a fortress was lost, a new application was found - it became a prison. Prisoners were most brutally punished there, and the place fell into disrepute. In 1905 the prison was abolished.
  • Wooden Church of St. Nicholas. This church was built in Glotovo in 1766 and was moved to Suzdal in 1960 to be part of a Museum of Wooden Architecture & Peasant Life. The church is elevated off the ground about a story high from when it was moved across the country. This church is made out of all wood and represents the close relationship between wood and stone architecture and how precise the Russians were while building this back in 1766.
  • St John the Baptist Church. This church was built in 1720, at the same time that the St. Nicholas church was built, although the difference between the types of architecture of the two churches is quite remarkable. Whereas the St. Nicholas Church is all wooden, the St. John Church is made out of white plastered walls with wooden supports.
  • The St Alexander Convent. This church was built in 1240 by an unknown architect. It is said that the princesses of Suzdal, Mariya and Agrippina, were buried here in the 14th century.
  • Intercession Convent. The convent was founded in 1364. In its center stands the cathedral of the Intercession; it was an add-on built in 1518 financed by Moscow knaz (king) Basil The Third. The interior of the cathedral has no paintings or stained glass, it is simply plain white stone walls all around. The church was and still is one of the richest convents in Russia. The convent is the home of many nuns and is also the burial vault for twenty nuns of noble birth. Connected to the white stoned wall cathedral is an art museum which can be toured. There are many paintings but none in the cathedral itself. This building is filled with arches and art created in the 16th and 17th century.
Notable monuments in Suzdal
№ Name In Russian Construction period Photo
1.KremlinКремль1635
2.Trading ArcadesТорговые ряды1806
3.Nativity of the Virgin CathedralБогородице-Рождественский собор1222-1225.
4.Assumption ChurchУспенская церковь1719.
5.Resurrection ChurchВоскресенская церковь1720
6.St Lazarus' ChurchЛазаревская церковь1667
7.St Antipas ChurchАнтипиевская церковь1745
8.SS Boris & Gleb ChurchБорисоглебская церковь1749(?)
9.St Elijah ChurchИльинская церковь1744
10.Church of Our Lady of SmolenskСмоленская церковь1696-1706
11.Intercession ConventПокровский монастырь 1364
12.Alexandrovsky ConventАлександровский монастырь1240(?)
13.Saviour Monastery of St EuthymiusСпасо-Евфимиев монастырь1352
14.Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the SaviourСпасо-Преображенский собор1511-1594
15.Deposition CathedralРизоположенский монастырь1207.
16.Palm Sunday ChurchВходо-Иерусалимская церковь1702-1707
17.Emperor Constantine ChurchЦарево-константиновская церковь1707

Festivals

  • Open Russian Festival of Animated Film is held in Suzdal in March annually since 2002, with the support of the Russian Ministry of Culture.[19]
  • Cucumber Day Festival with folk music performances is celebrated by locals on the second Saturday of July, every year since 2001.[20]

Infrastructure

There are four major hotels in Suzdal:[4]

  • Nikolaevsky Posad (180 rooms)
  • Pushkarskaya Sloboda (291 rooms)
  • Heliopark (185 rooms)
  • GTK Suzdal (705 rooms)

There are also 50 guest-houses with a total number of 700 more rooms.[4] Thus Suzdal has developed an outstanding ratio of about 20 hotel rooms per 100 population (comparing to 0.2 rooms for Russia in general, or 1.6 rooms for USA).[21]

Suzdal has 13 restaurants (with 1429 seats), 10 cafes (305 seats), 11 bars and 73 souvenir shops.[4]

In 1982 Suzdal became the first Russian town to receive "La Pomme d'Or" ("The Golden Apple") - a prize for excellence in the tourism industry, awarded annually by the World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers (FIJET).[22]

Film

More than 60 movies were filmed in Suzdal and the vicinity.[50] Among them:

  • Andrei Rublev (USSR, 1966)
  • Bratya Karamazovy (USSR, 1969)
  • Finest, the brave Falcon (USSR, 1976)
  • The Shooting Party (USSR, 1978)
  • Tema (USSR, 1979)
  • Yunost Petra (USSR, 1980)
  • Charodei (USSR, 1982)
  • Dead Souls (USSR, 1984)
  • Peter the Great (USA, 1986)
  • Tsar (Russia, 2009)

According to local historian Yury Belov, in summer 1964 three different feature films (Metel, Zhenitba Balzaminova and Tsarskaya nevesta) were filmed in Suzdal at the same time.[23]

Twin towns

Suzdal is twinned with:

  • {{flagicon|GER}} Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany, since 1988[24]
  • {{flagicon|ITA}} Cles, Italy, since 1991[25]
  • {{flagicon|USA}} Oberlin, United States, since 1991[26]
  • {{flagicon|USA}} Windham, United States, since 1992[27]
  • {{flagicon|POR}} Évora, Portugal, since 2006[28]
  • {{flagicon|FRA}} Loches, France, since 2011[29]
  • {{flagicon|PRC}} Shangrao, China, since 2012[30]

Notable people

  • Solomonia Saburova (1490–1542), the first wife of Grand prince Vasili III of Muscovy, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as St Sofia of Suzdal
  • Dmitry Pozharsky (1577–1642), national hero, granted the unprecedented title Saviour of the Motherland for routing the Polish invasion
  • Eudoxia Lopukhina (1669–1698), Tsarina, the first wife of Peter the Great, banished to the Intercession Convent of Suzdal
  • Dmitry Vinogradov (1720–1758), chemist, the founder of the Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg
  • Aleksei Gastev (1882–1939), revolutionary, trade-union activist and a pioneer of scientific management in Russia
  • Sergei Shirokogorov (1887–1939), founder of Russian anthropology
  • Vasily Blokhin (1895–1955), chief executioner of the NKVD, during the great purge and world war two

See also

  • Church of Boris & Gleb - church in a nearby Kideksha village, UNESCO World Heritage Site, {{convert|4|km|1|abbr=on}} away.

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://citiesdays.ru/vladimir/suzdal |title=Праздники в городе Суздаль |website=Information portal "Town Day" |language=ru |trans-title=Holidays in the Town of Suzdal |access-date=2016-01-16}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/documents/ustav2015dek.pdf |title=Устав муниципального образования город Суздаль Владимирской области |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Charter of the Town of Suzdal of Vladimir Region |format=PDF |access-date=2016-01-16}}
3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/index.php/oms/glava-goroda |title=Глава города Суздаля |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Head of the Town of Suzdal |access-date=2016-09-20}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/index.php/suzdal/o-gorode/kharakteristika |title=Характеристика города Суздаль |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Characteristic of the Town of Suzdal |access-date=2016-01-16}}
5. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}
6. ^{{ru-pop-ref|1989Census}}
7. ^{{ru-pop-ref|1979Census}}
8. ^1 2 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}
9. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/bul_dr/mun_obr2015.rar |title=Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2015 года |website=Official website of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service |language=ru |trans-title=Population of the Russian Federation in 2015 |format=rar}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite encyclopedia |last=Vorhees |first=Mara |editor-last=Richmond |editor-first=Simon |encyclopedia=Russia & Belarus |title=Suzdal |edition=4 |date=2006 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=1-74104-291-7}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ragozin |first=Leonid |editor-last=Richmond |editor-first=Simon |encyclopedia=Russia |title=Suzdal |edition=7 |date= Mar 2015 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74220-733-9}}
12. ^{{cite news |last=Luxmoore |first=Matthew |title=Suzdal |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/suzdal.html |newspaper=The Moscow Times |date=2012-07-01 |access-date=2016-01-18}}
13. ^{{OKATO reference|17 254}}
14. ^Resolution #433
15. ^Law #190-OZ
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/633/multiple=1|title=White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal|publisher=UNESCO/World Heritage Convention}}
17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/633.pdf|title=World Heritage List No.633 Vladimir/Suzdal. ICOMOS Evaluation|date=October 1992|publisher=UNESCO/World Heritage Convention|format=PDF}}
18. ^{{cite book |last=Brumfield |first=William Craft |author-link=William Craft Brumfield |title=Landmarks of Russian Architect: A Photographic Survey |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9056995367 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXex6iIh2y4C&pg=PA60&dq=Church+of+the+Nativity+of+the+Theotokos+1222&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xcpRUZabCcm20QGSpIDYCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Church%20of%20the%20Nativity%20of%20the%20Theotokos%201222&f=false |accessdate=2016-04-04}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.suzdalfest.ru/index.php?id=2 |title=Официальный веб-сайт Открытого Российского фестиваля анимационного кино |language=ru |trans-title=Official website of Open Russian Festival of Animated Film}}
20. ^{{cite news |title='Cucumber Day' Celebrated in Russia |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/video/cucumber-day-celebrated-in-russia-485336643696 |agency=NBC News |date=2015-07-16 |access-date=2016-01-15}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TTCR/2013/TTCR_DataTables8_2013.pdf |title=The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013 |publisher=2013 World Economic Forum |page=424 |format=PDF |accessdate=2016-04-04}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fijet.net/fijet_golden_appel_dyn.php?langue=en |title=Golden Apple Award |website=Official website of the World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers}}
23. ^1 {{cite book |last=Belov |first=Yury |date=2006 |title=В главной роли Суздаль |trans-title=Starring Suzdal |url= |language=ru |publisher=Algoritm |isbn=5-9265-0281-0}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Rotenburg.pdf |title=Соглашение между городами Ротенбург об дер Таубер (ФРГ) и Суздаль (СССР) |date=1988-04-24 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Agreement between Rothenburg ob der Tauber (FRG) and Suzdal (USSR) |format=PDF}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/kles.pdf |title=Соглашение между городами Клез (Италия) и Суздаль (Россия) |date=October 1991 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Agreement between Cles (Italy) and Suzdal (Russia) |format=PDF}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/OYTT/ch13.html |title=Oberlin's Connections Around the World |website=Oberlin: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow |location=USA}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.windhamnewhampshire.com/content/sister-city-suzdal-russia |title=Sister City - Suzdal, Russia |website=Official website of Windham, NH |location=USA}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Evora.pdf |title=Соглашение о дружбе и сотрудничестве между г.Суздалем (Россия) и г.Эвора (Португалия) |date=2006-08-12 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Partnership agreement between Suzdal (Russia) and Évora (Portugal) |format=PDF}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Losh.pdf |title=Protocole d'accord de cooperation entre les municipalités de Souzdal et Loches |date=2011-12-15 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=fr |trans-title=Partnership agreement between Suzdal (Russia) and Loches (France) |format=PDF}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gorodsuzdal.ru/files/mezdunarodSoglas/Shanzao.pdf |title=Соглашение о сотрудничестве между администрациями города Суздаля (РФ) и города Шанжао (КНР) |date=2012-09-10 |website=Official website of Suzdal |language=ru |trans-title=Partnership agreement between Suzdal (Russia) and Shangrao (China) |format=PDF}}

Sources

  • Brumfield, William. Suzdal: Architectural Heritage in Photographs (Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2009) {{ISBN|978-5-94607-118-5}}
  • {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vla|adm|list}}
  • {{RussiaAdmMunRef|vla|mun|list|suzdalsky}}

External links

  • {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
  • Official website of Suzdal {{ru icon}}
  • Aerial panoramas of Suzdal
  • [https://wikiway.com/russia/suzdal/photo/ Suzdal photos]
{{Golden Ring}}{{Vladimir Oblast}}{{Authority control}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}

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