词条 | Avro 504 | |||||||||||||
释义 |
The Avro 504 was a First World War biplane aircraft made by the Avro aircraft company and under licence by others. Production during the war totalled 8,970 and continued for almost 20 years,[1] making it the most-produced aircraft of any kind that served in the First World War, in any military capacity, during that conflict. More than 10,000 were built from 1913 until production ended in 1940.[3] Design and developmentFirst flown on 18 September 1913,[4] powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome Lambda seven-cylinder rotary engine, the Avro 504 was a development of the earlier Avro 500, designed for training and private flying. It was a two-bay all-wooden biplane with a square-section fuselage. Operational historySmall numbers of early aircraft were purchased by the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) prior to the start of the First World War, and were taken to France when the war started. One of the RFC aircraft was the first British aircraft to be shot down by the Germans, on 22 August 1914. The pilot was 2nd Lt. Vincent Waterfall and his navigator Lt Charles George Gordon Bayly (both of 5 Sqn RFC)[5][6] The RNAS used four 504s to form a special flight in order to bomb the Zeppelin works at Friedrichshafen on the shores of Lake Constance. Three set out from Belfort in north-eastern France on 21 November 1914, carrying four 20 lb (9 kg) bombs each. While one aircraft was shot down, the raid was successful, with several direct hits on the airship sheds and the destruction of the hydrogen generating plant.[7] Soon obsolete as a frontline aircraft, it came into its own as a trainer, with thousands being built during the war, with the major production types being the 504J and the mass production 504K, designed with modified engine bearers to accommodate a range of engines in order to cope with engine shortages. 8,340 Avro 504s had been produced by the end of 1918.[8] In the winter of 1917–18 it was decided to use converted 504Js and 504Ks to equip Home Defence squadrons of the RFC, replacing ageing B.E.2cs, which had poor altitude performance. These aircraft were modified as single-seaters, armed with a Lewis gun above the wing on a Foster mounting, and powered by 100 hp (75 kW) Gnome or 110 hp (80 kW) Le Rhône engines. 274 converted Avro 504Js and Ks were issued to eight home defence squadrons in 1918, with 226 still being used as fighters at the end of the First World War.[9] Following the end of the war, while the type continued in service as the standard trainer of the RAF, large numbers of surplus aircraft were available for sale, both for civil and military use. More than 300 504Ks were placed on the civil register in Britain. Used for training, pleasure flying, banner towing and even barnstorming exhibitions (as was ongoing in North America following World War I with the similar-role, surplus Curtiss JN-4s and Standard J-1s); civil 504s continued flying in large numbers until well into the 1930s. The embryonic air service of the Soviet Union, formed just after the First World War, used both original Avro 504s and their own Avrushka (" Little Avro") copy of it for primary training as the U-1 in the early 1920s, usually powered by Russian-made copies of the Gnome Monosoupape rotary engine. This Russian version of the 504 was replaced by what would become the most produced biplane in all of aviation history, the Polikarpov Po-2, first known as the U-2 in Soviet service in the late 1920s. Although Avro 504s sold to China were training versions, they participated in battles among warlords by acting as bombers with the pilot dropping hand grenades and modified mortar shells {{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}. The improved, redesigned and radial-engined 504N with a new undercarriage was produced by Avro in 1925. After evaluation of two prototypes, one powered by the Bristol Lucifer and the other by the Armstrong-Siddeley Lynx, the Lynx-powered aircraft was selected by the RAF to replace the 504K. 592 were built between 1925 and 1932, equipping the RAF's five flying training schools, while also being used as communication aircraft. The 504N was also exported to the armed forces of Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Greece, Siam and South Africa, with licensed production taking place in Denmark, Belgium, Canada, Siam and Japan. The RAF's 504Ns were finally replaced in 1933 by the Avro Tutor, with small numbers continuing in civilian use until 1940, when seven were impressed into RAF service, where they were used for target- and glider-towing. The 504 was the first British aeroplane to strafe troops on the ground[10] as well as the first British aircraft to make a bombing raid over Germany.[1] It was also the first Allied aeroplane to be downed by enemy anti-aircraft fire and was the first aircraft flown by many future aces, including Billy Bishop. The 504 is easily recognisable because of the single skid between the wheels, referred to as the "tooth pick" in the RAF. Variants
Original model
Modified with smaller ailerons and broader struts. 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome engine.
Version for RNAS with larger fin. {{convert|80|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome or Le Rhône engine.
Single-seat anti-zeppelin aircraft for the RNAS. The 504C was fitted with an extra fuel tank, in place of the observer.
Single-seat anti-zeppelin aircraft for the Royal Flying Corps. Six built.
Used for catapult trials. 80 hp (60 kW) Gnome engine.
Used as a trainer. {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome or {{convert|80|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Le Rhône engine.
Two-seat training aircraft. The 504K had a universal mount to take different engines. Single-seat fighter conversion used for anti-zeppelin work. Several were assembled in Australia by Australian Aircraft & Engineering.[11] {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Clerget 9, {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome Monosoupape or {{convert|110|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Le Rhône 9J engines.
Hybrid trainer based on 504K fuselage with 504N undercarriage and wings and powered by rotary engine. Built under licence in Mexico as Avro Anahuac.[12]
Floatplane version. {{convert|150|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Bentley BR1, {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Clerget or {{convert|110|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Le Rhône engines.
Three-seat cabin biplane. Only one was ever built. {{convert|100|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gnome engine.
Two-seat training aircraft. Redesigned postwar trainer for RAF with {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine. 598 built.
Floatplane version of 504N. First aircraft to fly above the Arctic Circle in 1923 Oxford Expedition.
Unbuilt version of the 504N with side-by-side seating.[13]
Three-seat cabin biplane. The 504Q was built for the Oxford University Arctic Expedition. Only one was ever built, powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Lynx engine.
Reworked trainer with revised, lightweight structure. Five prototypes flown 1926 to 1927 with various engines (100 hp/75 kW Gnome Monosoupape, 100 hp/75 kW) Avro Alpha, 140 hp/104 kW Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major and 150 hp/110 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose), with the Mongoose chosen for production aircraft. Ten were sold to Argentina, with 100 more built by FMA under licence in Argentina. Twelve were exported to Estonia, remaining in service until 1940, and an unknown number to Peru.[14]
Two-seat training aircraft. Built under licence in Japan by Nakajima.
Japanese version of the Avro 504N, given the long designation Yokosuka Navy Type 3 Primary Trainer, powered by a {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Mitsubishi-built Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose radial piston engine, 104 built.
Improved version of the K2Y1, powered by a {{convert|160|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Gasuden Jimpu 2 radial piston engine. 360 built (K2Y1 and K2Y2).[15] Watanabe built aircraft were given the long designation Watanabe Navy Type 3-2 Land-based Primary Trainer.
Russian copy of the 504K. Over 700 built.[16]
Russian seaplane version.
Operators
Surviving aircraft and replicas
Specifications (Avro 504K){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft[49] |crew=two |capacity= |length main= 29 ft 5 in |length alt= 8.97 m |span main= 36 ft |span alt= 10.97 m |height main= 10 ft 5 in |height alt= 3.18 m |area main= 330 ft² |area alt= 30.7 m² |airfoil= |empty weight main= 1,231 lb |empty weight alt= 558 kg |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= 180 lb |useful load alt= 82 kg |max takeoff weight main= 1,829 lb |max takeoff weight alt= 830 kg |engine (prop)=Le Rhône 9J |type of prop=Rotary |number of props=1 |power main= 110 hp |power alt= 82 kW |power original= |max speed main= 90 mph |max speed alt= 145 km/h |cruise speed main= 75 mph |cruise speed alt= 121 km/h |never exceed speed main= |never exceed speed alt= |stall speed main= |stall speed alt= |range main= 250 mi |range alt= 402 km |ceiling main= 16,000 ft |ceiling alt= 4,876 m |climb rate main= 700 ft/min |climb rate alt= 3.6 m/s |loading main= 5.54 lb/ft² |loading alt= 18.2 kg/m² |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= 0.06 hp/lb |power/mass alt= 0.099 kW/kg |more performance=*Climb to 3,500 ft (1,065 m) in 5 min |armament= 1 fixed .303 Lewis atop upper wing (single-seat night fighter variants) |avionics= }}[50] ManufacturersThe following companies are recorded as manufacturing the Avro 504 under licence.[51][52]
Notable appearances in media{{Main|Aircraft in fiction#Avro 504}}See also
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|see also= }} Footnotes1. ^1 2 Holmes, 2005. p 23. 2. ^http://britishaviation-ptp.com/avro504.html accessdate: 23 Jan 2019 3. ^http://britishaviation-ptp.com/avro504_foreignderiv.html accessdate: 23 Jan 2019 4. ^Jackson 1990, p.52. 5. ^"Casualty Details:Vincent Waterfall". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 10 January 2010. 6. ^Jackson 1990, p.56. 7. ^Mason 1994, p.21. 8. ^Bruce 16 July 1954, p.87. 9. ^Mason 1992, p.127. 10. ^Bruce 9 July 1954, p.43. 11. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=Stewart|title=Military Aircraft of Australia|date=1994|publisher=Aerospace Publications|location=Weston Creek, Australia|isbn=1875671080|pages=216}} 12. ^Jackson 1990, p.105. 13. ^Jackson 1990, p.127. 14. ^Jackson 1990, p. 129-133. 15. ^Mikesh and Abe 1990, p. 276. 16. ^Jackson 1990, p. 104. 17. ^{{cite web |title=DANISH AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE |url=http://www.ole-nikolajsen.com/DANISH%20MILITARY%20%20AIRCRAFT%20PRODUCTION.pdf |website=ole-nikolajsen.com |accessdate=29 December 2018 |location=Copenhagen |format=pdf}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gacetaeronautica.com/gaceta/wp-101/?p=5991 |title=Catálogo Ilustrado de Aeronaves de la Fuerza Aérea Argentina |last1=Ay |first1=Carlos |language=Spanish |date=2013-08-15 |website=Gaceta Aeronautica |publisher= |accessdate=2014-05-31 }} 19. ^The 504 is listed in several sources as having been used by the Argentine Air Force. This is because its predecessor, the Army Aviation Service, was established in 1912 and dissolved in 1945 when the Air Force was created. 20. ^Jackson 1990, p.88. 21. ^Jackson 1990, p.123. 22. ^Jackson 1990, p.124. 23. ^Morgała, Andrzej (1997). Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1918-1924 [Military aircraft in Poland 1918-1924] (in Polish). Warsaw: Lampart. p. 118. {{ISBN|83-86776-34-X}}. 24. ^Garlicki, Jarosław (2001). Historia lotnictwa wojskowego Królestwa Tajlandii w latach 1912 - 1945. Część 2. „Militaria i Fakty". 1-2/2001, p. 34-35 {{pl icon}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504K two-seat biplane elementary trainer : A3-4|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RELAWM11080|website=Australian War Memorial|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=AVRO 504K (G-CYFG)|url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-504k-cyfg.php|website=Canada Aviation and Space Museum|publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 27. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Hine|first1=Colin|title=Canada Aviation and Space Museum Aircraft: Avro 504K RCAF Registrations: G-CYFG & G-CYCK|url=http://documents.techno-science.ca/documents/CASM-Aircrafthistories-Avro504K.pdf|accessdate=23 May 2017|date=August 2013}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=AVRO 504K (G-CYCK)|url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-504k-cyck.php|website=Canada Aviation and Space Museum|publisher=Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=KUVIA BREGUET-PROJEKTISTA|url=http://ilmavoimamuseo.fi/tietoja-museosta/restaurointiprojektit/kuvie-breguet-projektista|website=Suomen Ilmavoimamuseo|accessdate=23 May 2017|language=Finnish}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504K|url=http://www.ilmailumuseot.fi/tuotteet.html?id=20737/233033|website=Ilmailumuseot.fi|accessdate=23 May 2017|language=Finnish}} 31. ^http://www.airport-data.com/aircraft/ZK-ACU.html 32. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504|url=http://luftfartsmuseum.no/fly/avro-504-3|website=Norsk Luftfartsmuseum|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=WWI - Aircraft|url=http://www.militaryaviationmuseum.org/ww1-aircraft.html|website=Military Aviation Museum|publisher=Military Aviation Museum|accessdate=23 May 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002071155/http://www.militaryaviationmuseum.org/ww1-aircraft.html|archivedate=2 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N504K]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=504K|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=AVRO 504K|url=http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/avro504k|website=Shuttleworth|publisher=Shuttleworth|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 36. ^{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier - Avro 504K, s/n BK892 RAF, c/n R3/LE/61400, c/r G-ADEV|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=64108|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=GINFO Search Results [G-ADEV]|url=https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/modalapplication.aspx?appid=1&mode=detailnosummary&fullregmark=ADEV|website=Civil Aviation Authority|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 38. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504K biplane D7560 with 130hp Clerget engine, c 1917.|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/aeronautics/1920-52.aspx|website=Science Museum|accessdate=23 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703181724/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/aeronautics/1920-52.aspx|archivedate=3 July 2014}} 39. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504K Plane|url=http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8418749/avro-504k-plane-aeroplane|website=Science Museum|accessdate=23 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 40. ^{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier - Avro504, s/n H2311 RAF, c/n H2311, c/r G-ABAA|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=63930|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 41. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504K|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/collections/avro-504k|website=Royal Air Force Museum|publisher=Trustees of the Royal Air Force Museum|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 42. ^{{cite web|last1=Simpson|first1=Andrew|title=INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [E449]|url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/74-A-26-Avro-504K-E449.pdf|website=Royal Air Force Museum|publisher=Royal Air Force Museum|accessdate=23 May 2017|date=2014}} 43. ^{{cite news|last1=Von Reuter|first1=Jennifer|title=Company Making Antique Airplanes|url=http://www.nbc29.com/Global/story.asp?s=11087577|accessdate=24 May 2017|work=NBC29.com|publisher=Frankly Media|date=22 September 2009}} 44. ^{{cite|last1=Gaertner|first1=John|title=Building The Avro 504... A 25 Year Dream|work=WW1 Aero}} 45. ^{{cite web|last1=McCullough|first1=Patrick|last2=Haggerty|first2=Tim|title=World War I (1914-1918)|url=http://oldrhinebeck.org/world-war-i|website=Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome|publisher=Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 46. ^{{cite web|title=FAA REGISTRY [N4929]|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=4929|website=Federal Aviation Administration|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation|accessdate=23 May 2017}} 47. ^{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress|date=September 1971|page=20}} 48. ^{{cite web|title=Avro 504K|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197405/avro-504k|website=National Museum of the US Air Force|accessdate=23 May 2017|date=7 April 2015}} 49. ^Donald 1997, p.77. 50. ^Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1919; republished 2001 by Random House Group Ltd. {{ISBN|1-85170-347-0}} 51. ^Flight 1954 p87 52. ^Manufacturers of the 504 References
External links{{Commons category|Avro 504}}
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