|speakers=35
|date=1990 census
|ref = e18
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Siouan
|fam2=Western Siouan
|fam3=Mississippi Valley
|fam4=Dhegiha
|iso3=qua
|map=Oklahoma Indian Languages.png
|mapcaption=Map showing the distribution of Oklahoma Indian Languages
|glotto=quap1242
|glottorefname=Quapaw
}}Quapaw, or Arkansas, is a Siouan language of the Quapaw people, originally from a region in present-day Arkansas. It is now spoken in Oklahoma.
It is similar to the other Dhegihan languages: Kansa, Omaha, Osage and Ponca.
Written documentation
The Quapaw language is well-documented in field notes and publications from many individuals including by George Izard in 1827, by Lewis F. Hadly in 1882, from 19th-century linguist James Owen Dorsey, in 1940 by Frank T. Siebert, and, in the 1970s by linguist Robert Rankin.[1]
The Quapaw language does not conform well to English language phonetics, and a writing system for the language has not been formally adopted. All of the existing source material on the language utilizes different writing systems, making reading and understanding the language difficult for the novice learner. To address this issue, an online dictionary of the Quapaw language is being compiled which incorporates all of the existing source material known to exist into one document using a version of the International Phonetic Alphabet which has been adapted for Siouan languages.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | | Plosive | voiceless | p pː | t tː | k kː | ʔ |
|---|
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ |
|---|
| glottalized | tʼ | kʼ |
|---|
| voiced | b | d |
|---|
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | x | h |
|---|
| glottalized | sʼ | ʃʼ | xʼ |
|---|
| voiced | z | ʒ |
|---|
| Nasal | m | n |
|---|
| Approximant | w |
|---|
Vowels
| Front | Back | | Close | i ĩ |
|---|
| Mid | e |
|---|
| Close-mid | o õ |
|---|
| Open | a ã |
|---|
[3]Revitalization
Ardina Moore teaches Quapaw language classes through the tribe.[4] As of 2012, Quapaw language lessons are available online or by DVD.[4]An online audio lexicon of the Quapaw language is available on the tribal website to assist language learners.[5] The lexicon incorporates audio of first language speakers who were born between 1870 and 1918.
The 2nd Annual Dhegiha Gathering in 2012 brought Quapaw, Osage, Kaw, Ponca, and Omaha speakers together to share best practices in language revitalization.[6] A Quapaw Tribal Youth Language and Cultural Preservation Camp teaches the language to children, and the Quapaw Tribal Museum offers classes for adults.[7]
Notes
1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawhistoricalwrittenworks.htm|title=Historical written works on the Quapaw Language|website=www.quapawtribalancestry.com|accessdate=Apr 3, 2019}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawdictionary/quapawdictionary.htm|title=Quapaw Dictionary|website=www.quapawtribalancestry.com|access-date=2016-03-14}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=http://ok-quapawtribe.civicplus.com/DocumentCenter/View/3188|title=A Quapaw Vocabulary|last=Rankin|first=Robert L.|publisher=|year=1982|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
4. ^1 "Quapaw Language." Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma. Retrieved 9 Dec 2013.
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.quapawtribalancestry.com/quapawlanguage/index.htm|title=Quapaw Language- Quapaw Tribal Ancestry|website=www.quapawtribalancestry.com|accessdate=Apr 3, 2019}}
6. ^{{Cite web |title = Dhegiha Gathering Agenda, 2012 |accessdate = 2012-09-22 |url = http://www.osagetribe.com/language/uploads/2ndAnnual-Agenda20120724.pdf |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606080511/http://www.osagetribe.com/language/uploads/2ndAnnual-Agenda20120724.pdf |archivedate = 2013-06-06 |df = }}
7. ^{{Cite web|title = Quapaw Tribe working to pass on native language|url = http://www.joplinglobe.com/news/quapaw-tribe-working-to-pass-on-native-language/article_a8c99b16-30ec-11e5-9e57-77264e185c36.html|accessdate = 2015-10-03|website = Joplin Globe|last = Okeson|first = Sarah|date = July 22, 2015}}
External links
{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of North America}}- Quapaw lexicon, Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
- Quapaw Dictionary, Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
- Historical works on the Quapaw Language, Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
- George Izard Quapaw Dictionary from 1827, Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
- Frank Siebert Quapaw Dictionary from 1940, Quapaw Tribe of Oklahoma
- Robert Rankin Quapaw Dictionary from 1974
- Quapaw Indian Language (Alkansea, Arkansas, Ogahpah, Kwapa)
- [https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B4OpuNzRO2KfdGVLYk9XbFVzaDQ/edit?pli=1 Quapaw Language Reference] (Google doc)
- OLAC resources in and about the Quapaw language
- {{cite book|author1=James Owen Dorsey|author2=Francis La Flesche|title=The Degiha language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DtDAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1890|publisher=Govt. Printing Office}}
{{Languages of Oklahoma}}{{Siouan languages}}{{Clear}}{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}} 4 : Quapaw|Native American language revitalization|Languages of Oklahoma|Western Siouan languages