| 词条 | Sveinn Björnsson |
| 释义 |
| name = Sveinn Björnsson | nationality = Icelandic | image = Sveinn Björnsson.jpg | order = 1st President of Iceland | primeminister = Björn Þórðarson Ólafur Thors Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson Steingrímur Steinþórsson | term_start = 17 June 1944 | term_end = 25 January 1952 | birth_date ={{birth date|1881|2|27|df=y}} Copenhagen, Denmark | death_date = {{death date and age|1952|1|25|1881|2|27|df=y}} Reykjavík, Iceland | spouse = Georgia Björnsson | children = 6 |predecessor = Christian X (as the King of Iceland) | successor = Ásgeir Ásgeirsson | alma_mater = University of Copenhagen | profession= Lawyer }} Sveinn Björnsson ({{IPA-is|ˈsveitn̥ ˈpjœsːɔn|lang}}; 27 February 1881 – 25 January 1952) was the first President of the Republic of Iceland (1944–1952). Background, education and legal careerSveinn was born in Copenhagen, Denmark as the son of Björn Jónsson (editor and later minister) and Elísabet Sveinsdóttir. Sveinn graduated from the Latin School in Reykjavík in 1900 and obtained a law degree from the University of Copenhagen 1907. He was licensed to practice before the "upper courts" in 1907 and before the Superior Court in 1920, and served as public prosecutor in Reykjavík 1907–20 and 1924–26. From September 29, 1919 to December 31 the same year, he served as prosecutor at the National Upper Court.[1] He was a freemason, and one of the founders of Edda Freemasonic Lodge in Reykjavik[2]. He served as Grandmaster of the Icelandic Order of Freemasons.[3] Political and diplomatic careerSveinn was a member of the Reykjavík City Council 1912–1920 and its chairman 1918–1920. He was elected to the Althing for Reykjavík 1914-15 and 1919-20.[4] After Iceland's independence from Denmark in 1918 he acted as minister to Denmark during 1920–24 and 1926–40. Regent and PresidentAlthough Iceland had become a sovereign state in 1918, its foreign affairs had been conducted by Denmark until the beginning of World War II. The German occupation of Denmark in April 1940, however, resulted in Iceland's de facto autonomy and Sveinn was elected Regent of Iceland three times during 1941–43, assuming all the prerogatives in Icelandic affairs previously held by the Icelandic king, Christian X, who was also King of and resided in Nazi occupied Denmark. In July 1941, United States troops entered Iceland on the invitation of Sveinn's government and remained, in reduced numbers, after the war; their continued presence provoked the main controversy of the nation's postwar foreign policy. He was elected president by the Althing on the inauguration of the Republic of Iceland in 1944. His first term was only one year, since the people of Iceland were to elect their president directly for the first time in 1945. Shortly after the creation of the Republic, Sveinn called on Icelandic embassies to send him all books on diplomatic protocol that they could find, so that he could follow the right customs as head of state.[5] Foreign diplomats often remarked on how strict Sveinn was in following diplomatic protocol in his interactions with them, perhaps too strict.[5] Sveinn ran unopposed in 1945 and 1949. Sveinn set new precedent and went outside of the formal powers given to the President after the 1949 parliamentary elections when he said that he would form a government if the parties could not agree on forming in four months' time.[7] He claimed to have these powers according to the Constitution, but historian (and current president) Guðni Th. Jóhannesson rejects that these powers are set in the Constitution.[6] Sveinn had poor relations with the Danish King, Christian X, after Iceland became fully independent. Christian X maintained that the Icelanders had given him false assurances in 1940 that the relationship between Iceland and Denmark would return to normal after the Nazi occupation had ended, something that Sveinn rejected.[7] For this reason, Sveinn did not go on an official visit to Denmark following the creation of the Republic. Christian X died in 1947, but due to poor health Sveinn was unable to visit Denmark during the final part of his tenure as president.[8] He died in Reykjavík in January 1952, more than one year before his third term of office was due to expire and is the only president of Iceland as of 2018 to die in office. Sveinn had been in poor health since 1949.[9] Business activitiesSveinn was one of the founders of Eimskipafélag Íslands, the main shipping company in Iceland, in 1914 and its chairman 1914–1920 and 1924–1926. He was the founder of the insurance company Brunabótafélag Íslands and its director from its foundation in 1916 until 1920. He was also one of the founders of the insurance company Sjóvátryggingafélag Íslands in 1918 and its chairman in 1918–1920 and 1924–1926. Sveinn was one of the founders of the Icelandic Red Cross on 10 December 1924 and its first chairman, serving until 1926. FamilyOn 2 September 1908 he married Georgia Björnsson, born Hansen (born 18 January 1884, died 18 September 1957). They had six children: Björn (1909), Anna Catherine Aagot (1911), Henrik (1914), Sveinn Christen (1916), Ólafur (1919), Elísabet (1922). His eldest son Björn Sveinsson Björnsson served in the German military as a part of the Schutzstaffel in World War II.[10] His great grandson is Henrik Björnsson, singer and lead guitarist in the shoegaze rock band Singapore Sling.[11] His great grand daughter is Georgía Olga Kristiansen, the first female referee to officiate in the highest competitive tier men's basketball league in Iceland.[12] Notes1. ^http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv/is/?nfaerslunr=566 {{s-start}}{{s-off}}{{succession box | before=Kristján X2. ^Denslow, William R. (1957). 10,000 Famous Freemasons. Columbia, Missouri, USA: Missouri Lodge of Research. (digital document by phoenixmasonry: vol. 1, 2, 3, 4) 3. ^{{cite book | last1 = Baldvinsdottir | first1 = Herdis | title = Networks of Financial Power in Iceland: The Labour Movement Paradox | location = Iceland | publisher = Independently Published | pages = 62, 64-67 | date = 2017 | isbn = 9781549768071}} 4. ^http://www.althingi.is/altext/cv/is/?nfaerslunr=566 5. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=76|quote=|via=}} 6. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=84|quote=|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=73|quote=|via=}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=194|quote=|via=}} 9. ^{{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=83|quote=|via=}} 10. ^Útsendingar Þjóðverja (in Icelandic) 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Fontaine|first1=Paul|title=Our Local Regent|url=https://issuu.com/rvkgrapevine/docs/reykjavik_grapevine_issue_08_lowres|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Reykjavík Grapevine|issue=8|date=16 June 2016|page=20|language=Icelandic}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Langömmubarn fyrstu forsetafrúar Íslands endurskrifaði íslenska körfuboltasögu í gær|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171019519/langommubarn-fyrstu-forsetafruar-islands-endurskrifadi-islenska-korfuboltasogu-i-gaer|accessdate=8 December 2017|work=Vísir.is|date=13 October 2017|author=Óskar Ófeigur Jónsson}} King of Iceland | title=President of Iceland | years=1944–1952 | after=Ásgeir Ásgeirsson}}{{s-end}}{{Presidents of Iceland}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bjornsson, Sveinn}} 8 : 1881 births|1952 deaths|20th-century Icelandic people|Regents|People from Copenhagen|Presidents of Iceland|Members of the Althing|Icelandic Freemasons |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。