| 词条 | R-4D |
| 释义 |
|image=Apollo RCS quad.jpg |image_size= |caption=An RCS quad containing four R-4D thrusters, as used on the Apollo Service Module |name=R-4D |country_of_origin=United States |manufacturer=Kaiser Marquardt Aerojet Rocketdyne |purpose=Reaction control system |type=liquid |fuel=MMH |oxidiser=NTO |capacity= |thrust(SL)= |thrust(Vac)= 490 N (110 lbf) |specific_impulse_vacuum= 312 s |specific_impulse_sea_level= |chamber_pressure= {{convert|6.93|bar|psi}} |thrust_to_weight= 13.74 |cycle=Pressure-fed |used_in=Orion (spacecraft) H-II Transfer Vehicle Space Shuttle Apollo (spacecraft) Cassini (spacecraft) }} The R-4D is a small hypergolic rocket engine, originally designed by Marquardt Corporation for use as a reaction control thruster on vehicles of the Apollo moon program. Today, Aerojet Rocketdyne manufactures and markets modern versions of the R-4D.[1] HistoryDeveloped as an attitude control thruster for the Apollo Command/Service Module and Lunar Module in the 1960s, each unit for the modules employed four quadruple clusters (pods). It was first flown on AS-201 in February 1966. Approximately 800 were produced during the Apollo program. Sixteen R-4Ds were mounted on the exterior of each lunar module in four quadruple clusters and sixteen on each service module. Because both the lunar module and service module were jettisoned during the Apollo missions, no flown examples exist.[2] Post-Apollo, modernized versions of the R-4D have been used in a variety of spacecraft, including the U.S. Navy's Leasat, Insat 1, Intelsat 6, Italsat, and BulgariaSat-1.[3] It has also been used on Japan's H-II Transfer Vehicle and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle, both of which deliver cargo to the International Space Station.[4] DesignThe R-4D is one of the first liquid-fueled rocket thruster engines to cool itself using its own fuel as the coolant. Some of the fuel is injected longitudinally down the combustion chamber, where it forms a cooling film.[5] The thruster's design has changed several times since its introduction. The original R-4D's combustion chamber was formed from an alloy of molybdenum, coated in a layer of disilicide.[2] Later versions switched to a niobium alloy, for its greater ductility. Beginning with the R-4D-14, the design was changed again to use an iridium-lined rhenium combustion chamber, which provided greater resistance to high-temperature oxidization and promoted mixing of partially reacted gasses.[5] The R-4D requires no igniter as it uses hypergolic fuel. It is rated for up to one hour of continuous thrust, 40,000 seconds total, and 20,000 individual firings.[5][6] References1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.rocket.com/propulsion-systems/bipropellant-rockets |title=Bipropellant Rocket Engines |publisher=Aerojet Rocketdyne |accessdate=7 May 2014}} {{Marquardt Corporation aeroengines}}{{Orbital spacecraft rocket engines}}2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.apolloartifacts.com/2013/11/marquardt-r-4d-apollo-spacecraft-attitude-control-engine.html|title=Marquardt R-4D Apollo spacecraft attitude control engine|publisher=Apollo Artifacts|author=David Meerman Scott|date=November 2013|access-date=5 February 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://spaceflight101.com/falcon-9-bulgariasat-1/bulgariasat/|title=BulgariaSat-1|publisher=spaceflight101|access-date=23 June 2017}} 4. ^{{cite journal |last=Stechman |first=Carl |last2=Harper |first2=Steve |date=July 2010 |title=Performance Improvements in Small Earth Storable Rocket Engines |publisher=AIAA |journal=46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference}} "Derivates of this engine are still used today on satellites and spacecraft including the European autonomous transfer vehicle (ATV) and the Japanese H-2 transfer vehicle (HTV) propulsion systems and the future Orion service module. 5. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Stechman|first=Carl|last2=Harper|first2=Steve|date=2010|title=Performance Improvements in Small Earth Storable Rocket Engines- An Era of Approaching the Theoretical|publisher=The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|doi=10.2514/6.2010-6884}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/engines/r4d.htm|title=R-4D|publisher=Astronautix|access-date=5 February 2016}} 2 : Rocket engines using hypergolic propellant|Rocket engines using the pressure-fed cycle |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。