“Racal suit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A racal suit (also known as racal space suit)^[1] is a protective suit with powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR). It consists of a plastic suit and a battery-operated blower with HEPA filters that supplied filtered air to a positive-pressure hood (also known as racal hood). Racal suits were among the protective suits used by Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT) to evacuate patients with highly infectious diseases for treatment.^[2]^[3]

Components

Protective suit

The main body of the protective suit consists of a lightweight coverall made of polyvinyl chloride, rubber gloves, and rubber boots.^[4] Originally, the coverall was in a bright orange color, and the racal suit was known as the orange suit.^[5]

Hood

The hood is a separate component from the protective suit. The racal hood is a type of PAPR consisting of a transparent hood connected to a respirator, which is powered by a rechargeable battery. The respirator has three HEPA filters that are certified to remove 99.7% of particles of 0.03 to 3.0 microns in diameter. The filtered air is supplied at the rate of 170 L/min to the top of hood under positive pressure for breathing and cooling. The air is forced out through an air exhaust valve at the base of the hood. A two-way radio system is installed inside the hood for communication.^[2]^[4]

Originally, the hood was manufactured by Racal Health & Safety, Inc. located in Frederick, Maryland, the same city in which the AIT unit of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases was based.^[3] The division of Racal responsible for the suit's manufacture later became part of 3M, and the respirator product line was branded as 3M/Racal.^[5]^[6] The AIT later switched from using transparent bubble hoods to butyl rubber hoods.^[7]

Procedures

The main purpose of the AIT was to evacuate a patient from the field to a specialized isolation unit. As part of their procedures, AIT members wore racal suits while transporting the patients.^[8] They were trained to take a bathroom break before suiting up, since the time they would be in the suits could be 1 hour and 45 minutes for a training session and 4 to 6 hours for an actual mission.^[9] The patient was placed in a mobile stretcher isolator during transit. After the patient was delivered to the isolation unit, the members would leave the unit and enter into an anteroom with an airlock. They were then sprayed with glutaraldehyde solution to disinfect before the suit was cut away and sent to an on-site incinerator for complete destruction.^[10]

Similar suits

The racal suit is similar to other positive pressure personnel suits such as Chemturion, in that there is an air supply to provide positive pressure to reduce the chance of airborne agents entering the suit. However, several components are different. The positive pressure section for the racal suit is only available at the hood. The air supply for racal suits comes from a battery-operated blower that makes the suit portable, whereas other suits must be connected to an air hose that is part of the building, such as in biosafety level 4 laboratories. The main body part of the racal suit is also more lightweight and can be disposed of by burning after use.^[11]

In popular culture

Racal suits were used in films such as Outbreak in 1995.^[12] The term is also used in many literatures related to situations with infectious diseases, such as in The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story,^[11] Infected,^[13] and Executive Orders.^[14]

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Racal space suit|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Racal+space+suit|website=McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine|accessdate=15 April 2015}}
2. ^¹{{cite journal|title=The threat to the United States from Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives|url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa46765.000/hfa46765_0f.htm|date=30 July 1997|page=9|accessdate=15 April 2015}}
3. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Sidell|first1=Frederick R.|last2=Takafuji|first2=Ernest T.|last3=Franz|first3=David R., D.V.M.|title=Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare|date=1997|publisher=Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America|url=http://www.sc-ems.com/ems/NuclearBiologicalChemical/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapters/chapter_19.htm|accessdate=15 April 2015|chapter=19}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Christopher|first1=George|title=Air Evacuation under High-Level Biosafety Containment: The Aeromedical Isolation Team|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=April 1999|volume=5|issue=2|pages=241–246|doi=10.3201/eid0502.990208|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/5/2/99-0208_article|accessdate=17 April 2015|pmid=10221876|pmc=2640682}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Racal Health & Safety to be sold to 3M for GBP432 mil|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/racal-health-and-safety-to-be-sold-to-3m-for-gbp432-mil--124544|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=Telecompaper|issue=5 December 1997}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=NIOSH Respirator User Notice|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/usernotices/notices/run-061298a.html|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL)|date=12 June 1998}}
7. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Marklund|first1=LA|title=Transporting patients with lethal contagious infections.|journal=International journal of trauma nursing|date=2002|volume=8|issue=2|pages=51–3|pmid=12000908|url=http://intljourtranur.com.marlin-prod.literatumonline.com/article/S1075-4210(02)70009-6/pdf|doi=10.1067/mtn.2002.121669a}}
8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hatfill|first1=Steven J.|last2=Nordin|first2=Trevor|last3=Shapiro|first3=Geoffrey L.|title=Ebola Virus Disease|journal=Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons|date=Winter 2014|volume=19|issue=4|pages=111|url=http://www.jpands.org/vol19no4/hatfill.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2015}}
9. ^{{cite news|last1=Fleming-Michael|first1=Karen|title=Training Day|url=http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/092805/37324-1.shtml|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=Comprint Military Publications|date=28 September 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120160922/http://ww2.dcmilitary.com/dcmilitary_archives/stories/092805/37324-1.shtml|archivedate=20 January 2015}}
10. ^{{cite news|last1=Hamblin|first1=James|title=21 Days|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/10/21-days/381901/|accessdate=17 April 2015|work=The Atlantic|date=26 October 2014}}
11. ^¹²{{cite book|last1=Preston|first1=Richard|title=The Hot Zone|date=1994|publisher=Anchor (Random House)|isbn=0385479565|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0zNBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT130#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2015}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Kathleen|title=A Clothes Call With Danger|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/03/11/a-clothes-call-with-danger/b1633930-89ac-4258-b7fa-5674a7dc4f8f/|accessdate=30 October 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=11 March 1995}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Sigler|first1=Scott|title=Infected a novel|date=2008|publisher=Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=9780307409171|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihfWe10gLasC&q=Racal&f=false|accessdate=30 October 2015}}
14. ^{{cite book|last1=Clancy|first1=Tom|title=Executive orders|date=1996|publisher=Berkley Books|location=New York, N.Y.|isbn=9780425158630|edition=Berkley mass market|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4_E84Ch1MoC&q=Racal#v=snippet&q=Racal&f=false|accessdate=30 October 2015}}