| 词条 | Swat District |
| 释义 |
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}{{Infobox settlement | name = Swat | official_name = | native_name = {{nq|سوات}} | native_name_lang = ps | settlement_type = District | image_skyline = File:River Swat Pakistan 3.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = The Swat River flows through the Swat District | nickname = Switzerland of the East{{sfn|Malala Yousafzai|2013}} | image_map = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Districts Swat.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_caption = {{Flatlist|
}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}} | seat_type = Capital | seat = Saidu Sharif | established_title = Established | established_date = | leader_party = | leader_title = District Nazim | leader_name = | leader_title1 = District Naib Nazim | unit_pref = Metric | coordinates = {{coord|35|12|N|72|29|E|type:adm2nd_region:PK_dim:200000|display=inline,title}} | parts_style = para | parts_type = Largest city | p1 = Mingora | area_total_km2 = 5337 | population_total = 2,309,570 | population_rural = 1,613,670 | population_urban = 695,900 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_as_of = 2017 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = PKT | utc_offset1 = +5 | area_code = Area code 0946 | blank_name_sec1 = Languages (1981) | blank_info_sec1 = 90.28% Pashto 8.67% Kohistani[2] }} Swat District ({{lang-ps| سوات ولسوالۍ}}, {{lang-ur|ضِلع سوات}}) {{IPA-ps|ˈswaːt̪|pron}}){{sfn|Malala Yousafzai|2013}} is a district in Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. Swat is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty. Centred upon the upper portions of the Swat River, Swat was a major centre of early Buddhist thought as part of the Gandhara kingdom, and today is littered with ruins from that era. Swat was home to the last isolated pockets of Gandharan Buddhism, which lasted until the 11th century, well after most of the area had converted to Islam.[3] Until 1969, Swat was part of the Yusafzai State of Swat, a self-governing princely state. The region was seized by the Pakistani Taliban in late 2007,[4] and its tourist industry decimated until Pakistani control over Swat was re-established in mid 2009.[5] Swat's capital is Saidu Sharif, though the largest city, and main commercial centre, is the nearby city of Mingora.[6] With a population of 2,309,570 according to the 2017 census, Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The region is inhabited largely by Pashtun people, except in the valley's uppermost reaches, where the Kohistani people dominate.[3] Swat's average elevation is {{convert|980|m|ft|abbr=on}},[3] resulting in a considerably cooler and wetter climate compared to most of Pakistan. With lush forests, verdant alpine meadows, and snow-capped mountains, Swat is one of the country's most popular tourist destinations.[7][8] EtymologyThe name "Swat" is of Sanskrit origin. One theory derives it from "Suvastu", the ancient name of the Swat River (Suastus in Greek literature);[9] "Suvastu" literally means "clear azure water", and is attested in the earliest Sanskrit text, the Rigveda.[10] Another theory derives the word Swat from the Sanskrit word "Shveta" (white), also used to describe the clear water of the Swat River.[9] HistoryIn 327 BC, Alexander the Great fought his way to Odigram and Barikot and stormed their battlements. In Greek accounts these towns have been identified as Ora and Bazira. Around the 2nd century BC, the area was occupied by Buddhists, who were attracted by the peace and serenity of the land. There are many remains that testify to their skills as sculptors and architects. Later some Dilazak entered the area along with Sultans from Kunar and their tribe was styled as Swatis. The originator of the present family of Swat was the Muslim saint Akhund Abdul Gaffur, more commonly known as Saidu Baba. He was a pious man and the people respected him so greatly that they called him Akhund Sahib.[11]{{better source|date=January 2018}} Buddhist heritageHistorically known as Uddiyana, Tantric Buddhism flourished under King Indrabhuti, however, there is an old and well-known scholarly dispute as to whether Uddiyana was in the Swat valley, Orissa or some other place. Padmasambhava (flourished eighth century AD), also called Guru Rimpoche, Tibetan Slob-upon (teacher), or Padma 'Byung-gas (lotus born), semi-legendary Indian Buddhist mystic who introduced Tantric Buddhism to Tibet was, according to tradition, native from Uddiyana.[12] He is revered as the second Buddha in Tibet. Padmasambhava is said to be the son of Indrabhuti, king of Swat in the early eighth century AD and one of the original Siddhas. Indrabhuti's sister, Lakshminkaradevi, is also said being an accomplished Siddha of the 9th century AD.[13] Ancient Gandhara, the valley of Pekhawar, with the adjacent hilly regions of Swat and Buner, Dir and Bajaur was one of the earliest centers of Buddhist religion and culture following the reign of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, in the third century BC. The name Gandhara first occurs in the Rigveda which is usually identified with the region[14]{{page needed|date=January 2018}} The Gandhara school is credited with the first representations of the Buddha in human form, rather symbolically as the wheel of the law, the tree, etc. Hindu ShahiSwat was ruled by the Hindu Shahi dynasty, who built an extensive array of temples and other architectural buildings, now in ruins. Sanskrit may have been the lingua franca of the locals.[15] Hindu Shahi rulers built fortresses to guard and tax the commerce through this area. Their ruins can be seen in the hills of Swat: at Malakand pass at Swat's southern entrance.[16] Advent of Islam by Mahmud of GhazniAt the end of the Mauryan period (324–185 BC) Buddhism spread in the whole Swat valley, which became a very famous center of Buddhist religion.[17] After a Buddhist phase the Hindu religion reasserted itself, so that at the time of the Muslim conquest (1000 AD) the population was solidly Hindu.[17] In 1023, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Swat and crushed the last Buddhist King, Raja Gira in battle. The invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni is of special importance because of the introduction of Islam as well as changing the Chronology.[18] Arrival of YousafzaisThe first Muslim arrivals in Swat were Pakhtun Dilazak tribes from south-east Afghanistan. These were later ousted by Swati Pakhtuns, who was succeeded in the sixteenth century by Yusufzai Pakhtuns. Both groups of Pakhtuns came from the Kandahar and Kabul valley.[17] Taliban destruction of Buddhist relicsSwat Valley, located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, has many Buddhist carvings, statues, and stupas. The town of Jehanabad contains a Seated Buddha statue.[19] Kushan era Buddhist stupas and statues in Swat valley were demolished by the Taliban, and after two attempts by the Taliban,[20] the Jehanabad Buddha's face was dynamited.[21][22][23] Only the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan, which the Taliban also demolished, were larger than the Buddha statue in Swat.[24] The government did nothing to safeguard the statue after the initial attempt at destroying the Buddha, which did not cause permanent harm; when the second attack took place on the statue, the feet, shoulders, and face were demolished.[25] Islamists (particularly the Taliban) and looters destroyed many of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts, which dated to the Buddhist Gandhara civilization.[26] The Taliban deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction.[27] Gandhara artifacts were thereafter plundered by thieves and smugglers.[28] In 2009, the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Diocsece of Lahore, Lawrence John Saldanha, wrote a letter to Pakistan's government denouncing the Taliban activities in Swat Valley, including their destruction of Buddha statues, and their attacks on Christians, Sikhs, and Hindus.[29] A group of Italians helped repair the Buddha.[30] GeographySwat is surrounded by Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Dir in the West, Gilgit-Baltistan in North Kohistan, Buner and Shangla in the East and South East. The southern tehsil of Buner was granted the status of a separate district in 1991.[31] The valley of Swat is situated in the north of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and is enclosed by sky-high mountains. Physical Features: Swat can be divided into two physical regions:
Mountainous rangesAs mentioned above, Swat lies in the lap of mountainous ranges, which are the offshoots of Hindukush, so the larger part of Swat is covered with high mountains and hills, the crests of which are hidden by everlasting snow. Though these gigantic ranges run irregularly: some to the west while the others to the east, but the general direction is North-South. PlainsThe length of the valley from Landakay to Gabral is 91 miles. Two narrow strips of plains run along the banks of Swat River from Landakay to Madyan. Beyond Madyan in Kohistan-e-Swat, the plain is too little to be mentioned. So far as the width concerns, it is not similar, it varies from place to place. We can say that the average width is 5 miles. The widest portion of the valley is between Barikot and khwaza khela. The widest viewpoint and the charming sight where a major portion of the valley is seen is at Gulibagh on the main road, which leads to Madyan. EconomyApproximately 38% of economy of Swat depends on Tourism and 31% depends on Agriculture.[32] AgricultureGwalerai village located near Mingora is one of those few villages which produces 18 varieties of apples due to its temperate climate in summer. The apple produced here is consumed in Pakistan as well as exported to other countries. It is known as ‘the apple of Swat’.[33] Swat is famous for peach production mostly grown in the valley bottom plains and accounts for about 80% of the peach production of the country. Mostly marketed in the national markets with a brand name of "Swat Peaches". The supply starts from April and continues till September because of a diverse range of varieties grown. DemographicsThe population of Swat District is 2,309,570 as per the 2017 census, making it the third-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after Peshawar District and Mardan District.[34] Swat is populated mostly by ethnic Pashtuns and Gujjar and Kohistani communities. The language spoken in the valley is Pashto, with a minority of Torwali and Kalami speakers in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat. TribesPashtuns of the Yusufzai,[35]Alongside the Gujjar Nation. Administrative divisionsThe District of Swat is subdivided into 9 Tehsils[36] i.e.
Each Tehsil comprises certain numbers of Union councils. There are 65 Union councils in District Swat: 56 rural and 9 urban. According to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act 2013.[37] There were new system introduced called as Local Governments which have District Swat has 67 Wards, of which total amount of Village Councils is 170, and Neighbourhood Councils is 44.[38] PoliticsThe region elects three male members of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNAs), one female MNA, seven male members of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (MPAs)[39] and two female MPAS. In the 2002 National and Provincial elections, the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, an alliance of religious political parties, won all the seats. Tourist attractions{{guidebook|section|date=July 2017}}MarghazarMarghazar 16 km away from Saidu Sharif is famous for its Sufed Mahal the white marble palace built by the first Wali (ruler) of Swat. It used to be the ruler's summer residence. Elizabeth II (Queen of England) and Prince Philip (Duke of Edinburgh) were also hosted there in 1961.[40] Elizabeth II described it as "the Switzerland of the East" during the visit.[41] The marble used to build White Palace was the same marble which was used to build Taj Mahal. It was turned into a hotel.{{sfn|Malala Yousafzai|2013}} Fizagat ParkFizagat Park is a recreation arena for the tourists and the locals situated at 1 kilometre from Mingora city. Situated along the bank of the River Swat, tourists enjoy the bath and pleasant climate in summer.[42]Malam JabbaMalam Jabba (also Maalam Jabba, Urdu: مالم جبہ) is a Hill Station in the lower Swat mountain ranges nearly 42 km from Saidu Sharif in Swat Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is 314 km from Islamabad and 51 km from Saidu Sharif Airport. Malam Jabba is home to the largest ski resort in Pakistan. On the main Madyan-Kalam road, the road turns to the right at Manglor town (12 km from Saidu Sharif), for the Malam-Jabba Dara which has a series of small villages and settlements like Salanda, Jehanabad, Talegraam, Badar, Ser, Malam, Kishora, Spine Oba, and finally Jabba. Malam is a small village which comes prior to Kishora village on the main Malam-Jabba road. Malam is nearly 17 km from Manglor while Kishora is at 18 km distance. Jabba (12 km from Kishore) is the uppermost part of the whole Dara (gorge). The Malam Jabba ski resort, owned by the Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation, had a ski slope of about 800 m with the highest point of the slope 2804 m (pabove sea level. Malam Jabba Ski Resort was the joint effort of the Pakistan government with its Austrian counterpart. The resort was equipped with modern facilities including roller/ice-skating rinks, chair lifts, skiing platforms, telephones and snow clearing equipment. The resort was destroyed by the Taliban when they were in hold in Swat valley. Now that writ of the government has been reinstated and peace established, tourism has picked up. The government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa(KPK) has awarded the tender for rebuilding the Malam Jabba skiing resort to a private company. Skiing has already been restored and a skiing festival was held in Jan 2015.[43] Notable people
See also{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
External links{{Commons category|Swat District}}{{wikivoyage|Swat}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/kp/SWAT_SUMMARY.pdf|title=DISTRICT AND TEHSIL LEVEL POPULATION SUMMARY WITH REGION BREAKUP: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA|date=2018-01-03|access-date=2018-04-23|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Cohen|title=The Idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0815797613|page=202}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA17&dq=Swat+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjklpvE2ZzZAhVF9mMKHWOiDsYQ6AEIPTAF#v=onepage&q=Swat%20Pakistan&f=false|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmeen Niaz|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851098019|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDuvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149&dq=swat+tourism+taliban&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFjfa6w5zZAhVG0WMKHdPkAtMQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=swat%20tourism%20taliban&f=false|title=The Taliban Revival: Violence and Extremism on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier|last=Abbas|first=Hassan|date=2014-06-24|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300178845|language=en}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the-taliban-once-ruled-pakistans-swat-valley-now-peace-has-returned/2015/05/08/6bb8ac96-eeaa-11e4-8050-839e9234b303_story.html|title=The Taliban once ruled Pakistan’s Swat Valley. Now peace has returned.|last=Craig|first=Tim|date=2015-05-09|work=Washington Post|access-date=2018-02-11|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}} 6. ^"Pakistan troops seize radical cleric's base": officials {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202043152/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jZ4MUOze82QJmr6Lv7C3sbmc-K1w |date=2 December 2007 }}, Agence France Presse article, 28 November 2007, accessed same day 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1383480|title=Tourists throng Swat to explore its natural beauty|last=Khaliq|first=Fazal|date=2018-01-17|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/197987/revival-tourism-pakistan/|title=The revival of tourism in Pakistan - Daily Times|date=2018-02-09|work=Daily Times|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-US}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |author=Sultan-i-Rome |title=Swat State (1915-1969) from Genesis to Merger: An Analysis of Political, Administrative, Socio-political, and Economic Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIsMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547113-7 |page=13 }} 10. ^{{cite book |author=Susan Whitfield |title=Silk, Slaves, and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHBdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 |year=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-95766-4 |page=136 }} 11. ^S.G. Page 398 and 399, T and C of N.W.F.P by Ibbetson page 11 etc 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA138&dq=swat+padmasambhava&ei=5qpUSa65MImUMtnM8IcK|title=Students' Britannica India|publisher=|accessdate=27 January 2016}} 13. ^Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh: Up to 8th Century A.D., by Omacanda Hāṇḍā Edition: illustrated Published by Indus Publishing, 1994 Page 89 14. ^Architecture and Art Treasures in Pakistan By F. A. Khan, published by Elite Publishers, 1969 15. ^Sorrow and Joy Among Muslim Women The Pushtuns of Northern Pakistan By Amineh Ahmed Published by Cambridge University Press, 2006 Page 21. 16. ^Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan: Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment By Inam-ur-Rahim, Alain M. Viaro Published by City Press, 2002 Page 59 17. ^1 2 Fredrik Barth, Features of Person and Society in Swat: Collected Essays on Pathans, illustrated edition, Routledge, 1981, page 20 18. ^Proceedings of the Second International Hindukush Cultural Conference By Elena Bashir, Israr-ud-Din Contributor Elena Bashir, Israr-ud-Din Published by Oxford University Press, 1990, Page 50 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat62/sub406/item2566.html|title=EARLY HISTORY OF BUDDHISM|author=Jeffrey Hays|publisher=|accessdate=27 January 2016}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/taliban-defeated-by-the-quiet-strength-of-pakistans-buddha/articleshow/64956086.cms|title=Taliban defeated by the quiet strength of Pakistan's Buddha}} 21. ^{{cite book|author=Malala Yousafzai|title=I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U70sgPyfjDAC&pg=PT100&dq=The+Taliban+destroyed+the+Buddhist+statues+and+stupas+where+we+played+Kushan+kings+haram+Jehanabad+Buddha&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMImOm8-5jUxwIVgzk-Ch2HuAiC#v=onepage&q=The%20Taliban%20destroyed%20the%20Buddhist%20statues%20and%20stupas%20where%20we%20played%20Kushan%20kings%20haram%20Jehanabad%20Buddha&f=false|date=8 October 2013|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-32241-6|pages=123–124}} 22. ^{{cite news |last=Wijewardena |first=W.A. |date= 17 February 2014|title= ‘I am Malala’: But then, we all are Malalas, aren’t we? |url=http://www.ft.lk/article/255420/%E2%80%98I-am-Malala---But-then--we-all-are-Malalas--aren-t-we? |newspaper= Daily FT |location= |accessdate= }} 23. ^{{cite news |last=Wijewardena |first=W.A |date=17 February 2014 |title=‘I am Malala’: But Then, We All Are Malalas, Aren’t We? |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/i-am-malala-but-then-we-all-are-malalas-arent-we/ |newspaper=Colombo Telegraph |location= |accessdate= }} 24. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=12 September 2007 |title=Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6991058.stm |newspaper=BBC NEWS |location= |accessdate= }} 25. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=10 November 2007 |title=Another attack on the giant Buddha of Swat |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Another-attack-on-the-giant-Buddha-of-Swat-10761.html |newspaper= AsiaNews.it |location= |accessdate= }} 26. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=22 October 2012 |title=Taliban and traffickers destroying Pakistan's Buddhist heritage |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Taliban-and-traffickers-destroying-Pakistan's-Buddhist-heritage-26142.html |newspaper= AsiaNews.it |location= |accessdate= }} 27. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 November 2009 |title=Taliban trying to destroy Buddhist art from the Gandhara period |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Taliban-trying-to-destroy-Buddhist-art-from-the-Gandhara-period-16984.html |newspaper= AsiaNews.it |location= |accessdate= }} 28. ^{{cite news |last= Rizvi |first= Jaffer |date=6 July 2012 |title= Pakistan police foil huge artefact smuggling attempt |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18738909 |newspaper= BBC News |location= |accessdate= }} 29. ^{{cite news |last=Felix |first=Qaiser |date=21 April 2009 |title=Archbishop of Lahore: Sharia in the Swat Valley is contrary to Pakistan's founding principles |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15040&size=A |newspaper= AsiaNews.it |location= |accessdate= }} 30. ^{{cite news |last=Khaliq |first=Fazal |date=7 November 2016 |title=Iconic Buddha in Swat valley restored after nine years when Taliban defaced it |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1294246 |newspaper=DAWN |location= |accessdate= }} 31. ^{{Cite book|title=1998 District Census report of Buner|date=2000|publisher=Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan|series=Census publication|volume=98|location=Islamabad|p=1}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://kpktribune.com/index.php/en/swat/swat-economy|title=Swat Economy|author=Chief Editor|work=kpktribune.com|accessdate=17 February 2016}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1201016/gwalerai-the-little-village-behind-swats-famous-apples|title=Gwalerai — The little village behind Swat's famous apples|author=Amjad Ali Sahaab|work=dawn.com|accessdate=17 February 2016}} 34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.politicpk.com/swat-district-population-of-cities-towns-and-villages-2017-2018/|title=Swat District – Population of Cities, Towns and Villages 2017-2018|date=2018-05-27|website=Pakistan's Political Workers Helpline|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-20}} 35. ^{{cite book|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415939195|page=447}} 36. ^http://lgkp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Village-Neighbourhood-Councils-Detatails-Annex-D.pdf 37. ^http://lgkp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Local-Government-Elections-Rules-2013.pdf 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://lgkp.gov.pk/neighbourhood-council|title=Village/Neighbourhood Council|publisher=|accessdate=27 January 2016}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.panwfp.gov.pk/index.php/members/bydistrict/en/9/57|title=Constituencies and MPAs – Website of the Provincial Assembly of the N-W.F.P|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228010000/http://www.panwfp.gov.pk/index.php/members/bydistrict/en/9/57|archivedate=28 December 2007|df=dmy-all}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/queen-elizabeth-ii-in-swat-1961/|title=Queen Elizabeth II in Swat (1961)|date=4 April 2014|work=The Friday Times|accessdate=23 November 2017}} 41. ^Queen Elizabeth II in Swat (1961). The Friday Times. Retrieved 1 June 2014. 42. ^{{cite web|last1=Report|first1=Dawn|title=Roads clogged as hill stations attract crowds on Eid|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1195427/roads-clogged-as-hill-stations-attract-crowds-on-eid|website=www.dawn.com|accessdate=21 July 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/817783/rising-from-the-ashes-skiing-returns-to-malam-jabba-amid-uphill-challenges/|title=Rising from the ashes: Skiing returns to Malam Jabba amid uphill challenges|date=7 January 2015|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=27 January 2016}} Bibliography{{refbegin|33em}}
5 : Hill stations in Pakistan|Valleys of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Swat District|Indus basin|Buddhism in Pakistan |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。