| 词条 | Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic | native_name = Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі Рада Белорусской Народной Республики | transcription_name = | legislature = | coa_pic = Coat of arms of Belarusian People's Republic.svg | coa_res = | coa-pic = | coa-res = | house_type = Provisional parliament | body = | houses = | leader1_type = President | leader1 = Ivonka Survilla | party1 = | election1 = 1997 | members = | house1 = | house2 = | structure1 = | structure1_res = | political_groups1 = | political_groups2 = | committees1 = | committees2 = | joint_committees = | voting_system1 = | voting_system2 = | last_election1 = | last_election2 = | session_room = | session_res = | meeting_place = Facilities of Belarusian diaspora in North America, Britain and other countries | website = http://www.radabnr.org | footnotes = }} Rada (Council) of the Belarusian Democratic[1] Republic ({{lang-be|Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі, Рада БНР}}, Rada BNR) ({{lang-ru|Рада Белорусской Народной Республики, Рада БНР}}, Rada BNR) is the supreme governing body of the Belarusian People's Republic. Since 1919 the Rada BNR has been in exile where it has become the most influential political organization of the Belarusian diaspora.[2] As of 2018, the Rada BNR is the oldest existing government in exile. Formation{{main|Belarusian People's Republic}}The Rada BNR was initially established as the executive body of the First All-Belarusian Congress,[3] held in Minsk in December 1917 with over 1800 participants from different regions of Belarus including representatives of Belarusian national organisations, regional zemstva, main Christian denominations and Belarusian Jewish political parties. The work of the Congress was violently interrupted by the Bolsheviki. After retreat of the Bolsheviki from Minsk, the Rada declared itself supreme power in Belarus. After the Bolsheviki and the Germans had signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk the Rada declared independence of Belarus as a sovereign Belarusian Democratic Republic. As of 25 March 1918 the Rada BNR had 77 members including:
Germany did not give official recognition to Belarus and hindered the activities of the institutions of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Nevertheless, the Rada managed to start organising its governing bodies in different parts of the country as well as working on establishing a national Belarusian army and a national education system. The Rada has established official diplomatic contacts with several states including Finland, the Ukrainian People's Republic, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic States, Turkey and others. With the approach of Bolshevik armies to Minsk the Rada was forced to relocate to Vilna, then to Hrodna and eventually, upon coordination with the Republic of Lithuania, to Kaunas. In exile1919–1947In April 1919, the Polish army seized Hrodna and Vilnius. Jozef Pilsudski issued the Proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania stating that the new Polish administration would grant them cultural and political autonomy. The proclamation was welcomed by the Belarusian leadership, especially considering Soviet plans for the Russification of Belarus.[4] However, in later negotiations with the Belarusian leaders Pilsudski proposed to limit the Belarusian government's functions to purely cultural issues, which was rejected by the Belarusian prime minister Anton Luckievic. The government of Belarus managed to include a statement for minorities' rights in Poland in the resolutions of the Paris Peace Conference.[4] The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic protested the Polish military mobilization in the area of Vilnius, the Polish elections held there, and the annexation of the Augustów area to Poland. They also appealed to the League of Nations, Great Britain, France, the USA and other countries to recognize the independence of Belarus.[5] In late 1920, the Belarusian government began negotiations anew with the Bolsheviks in Moscow and tried to persuade them to recognize the independence of Belarus and to release Belarusian political prisoners being held in Russian jails.[6] The negotiations were unsuccessful. On 11 November 1920, the Belarusian Democratic Republic signed a partnership treaty with the Republic of Lithuania to cooperate in liberating Belarusian and Lithuanian lands from Polish occupation. After the establishment of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the USSR, several members of the Rada laid down their mandates in 1925 and returned to Belarus. Officially the Rada BNR never recognized the Belarusian Soviet Republic. Most of the members of the Rada who returned to Belarus, including former Prime Minister Vaclau Lastouski, were later killed in the Soviet terror in Belarus in the 1930s. During the Second World War and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia the Rada refused to cooperate with the Nazis or recognize the collaborationist government of Belarus, the Belarusian Central Rada. After the Second World WarThe advance of the Red Army in 1945 forced the Rada of the BNR to relocate to the Western part of Germany, occupied by British and American troops. In February 1948, the Rada passed a special manifesto, by which it declared its return to activity. In April 1948 the Rada, together with representatives of the Belarusian post-war refugees, held a conference in Osterhofen, Bavaria.[7] The primary activities of the Rada BNR in the West were lobbying and contacts with Western governments to ensure recognition of Belarus as a separate country. Together with other anti-Soviet organisations in the West, including governments in exile of Ukraine and the Baltic countries, the Rada protested against human rights violations in the Soviet Union. In the 1950s the Rada BNR enabled the creation of the Belarusian edition of Radio Free Europe. Members of the Rada organized support to Belarus following the Chernobyl accident of 1986.[8] After dissolution of the USSRAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, similar governments-in-exile of the neighboring countries (Lithuania, Poland and others) handed back their mandates to the corresponding independent governments. Upon declaration of independence of the Republic of Belarus in 1990, interest in the Belarusian Democratic Republic has increased in Belarusian society. The Belarusian Popular Front, which was the main pro-Perestroika anti-Communist opposition party, has in many aspects appealed to the restoration of an independent Belarus as the Belarusian Democratic Republic since the late 1980s. In 1991, the Belarusian parliament adopted the state symbols of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, the Pahonia and the White-red-white flag, as state symbols of the Republic of Belarus. In 1993, the government of the Republic of Belarus held official celebrations of the 75th anniversary of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in Minsk. Members of the Rada BNR took part in the celebrations along with the senior political leaders of the Republic of Belarus. It was stated then that the Rada was ready to hand its status to a democratically elected parliament of Belarus – however, not to the parliament of Belarus of that time, which had been elected under Soviet rule.[8] However, these plans were cancelled after president Alexander Lukashenko, elected in 1994, established a return to Soviet policies in regards to Belarusian language and culture.[9] Today the Rada BNR attempts to promote democracy and independence for Belarus using contacts and lobbyism in countries where it has its representatives: USA, Canada, The United Kingdom, Estonia and others. The President of the Rada regularly holds meetings with western policymakers and makes official statements criticizing the human rights violations and continuing Russification in Belarus.[10][11] The Rada became a consolidating center for several exiled Belarusian opposition politicians. Since the late 1980s, 25 March, the Independence Day of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, is widely celebrated by the Belarusian national democratic opposition as Freedom Day ({{lang-be|Дзень волі}}). It is usually accompanied by mass opposition rallies in Minsk and by celebration events of the Belarusian diaspora organizations supporting the Belarusian government in exile. Structure and functionsInitially the Rada was meant to be a provisional parliament which should perform its functions till a constitutional convention of Belarus was held. The Rada BNR formed a government consisting of its members. Today the Rada sees itself as bearer of a symbolic mandate and as a guarantor of the independence of Belarus. The ultimate goal of the Rada is to transfer its mandate to a democratically elected Parliament of Belarus under the condition that no threat to the independence of Belarus should be present.[8] The Rada is led by the President of the Rada BNR (Старшыня Рады БНР) and a Presidium (Executive council) consisting of 14 members.[12] The Rada includes several Secretariates as working groups or individual secretaries responsible for relevant directions:[8]
and others The activity of the Rada BNR is regulated by the Provisional Constitution of the Belarusian People's Republic and the Statute of the Rada BNR. Presidents of the Rada BNR
Current PresidiumThe current presidium consists of:[13]
Awards and decorations of the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic RepublicIn 1949, the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in exile under President Mikola Abramchyk has introduced a number of civic and military awards.[15] There has been a number of decorations in the 1950s.[15] In 2016, the Rada of the BDR has announced plans to renew the decorations.[16] In 2018, the Rada has awarded 130 Belarusian activists and politicians, as well as a number of foreigners, with a newly created medal commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Belarusian Democratic Republic.
Notable members
See also
References1. ^as spelled on the Official website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704083750/http://www.radabnr.org/indexen.html |date=4 July 2012 }} 2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/10837957?story_id=10837957|title=Heart of darkness|date=13 March 2008|accessdate=27 October 2017|newspaper=The Economist}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://slounik.org/32081.html|title=slounik.org: Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі|website=Slounik.org|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |author=Жыве Беларусь Бібліятэка гістарычных артыкулаў |url=http://www.jivebelarus.net/history/new-history/bnr.html |title=А. Сідарэвіч. Абвяшчэнне Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі |publisher=Jivebelarus.net |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.svaboda.org/content/article/770129.html |title=Імёны Свабоды: Васіль Захарка |publisher=Svaboda.org |date=14 March 1943 |accessdate=2012-01-14}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://zelva-bez.com/section/14/index.php?id=2/TEXT.HTML|title=ВАСІЛЬ ЗАХАРКА. ПРЭЗІДЭНТ БЕЛАРУСКАЙ НАРОДНАЙ РЭСПУБЛІКІ|website=Zelva-bez.com|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://belarus8.tripod.com/ZapisyBINIM/raskol.htm|title=Максімюк, Я. Аднаўленьне Рады БНР пасьля Другой Сусьветнай вайны // Запісы = Zapisy. — 2001. — № 25. — С. 41 — 48.|website=Belarus8.ytipod.com|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://nn.by/?c=ar&i=52788|title=Навошта нам Рада БНР: інтэрвію з членам Рады (пачатак)|website=Nn.by|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.radabnr.org/en/memen-03-19-06.html |title=The March 20, 2006 Memorandum of the BNR Rada |publisher=Radabnr.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181522/http://www.radabnr.org/en/memen-03-19-06.html |archivedate=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/24938779.html|title=Шварцэнбэрг — Сурвіле: Візы тармозіць Менск|website=Радыё Свабода|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.svaboda.org/a/774396.html|title=Эстонія падтрымлівае беларускую апазыцыю|website=Радыё Свабода|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radabnr.org|title=Рада Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі. Афіцыйны сайт - Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic. Official website|website=Radabnr.org|accessdate=27 October 2017}} 13. ^ПРЭЗЫДЫЮМ 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ehu.lt/en/news/show/ehu-and-belarusian-americans-discuss-belarusian-identity-issues-- |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907080106/http://www.ehu.lt/en/news/show/ehu-and-belarusian-americans-discuss-belarusian-identity-issues-- |archivedate=7 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 15. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia | last = Jorš | first = Siarhiej | author-link = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Антысавецкія рухі ў Беларусі (1944-1956). Даведнік [Anti-Soviet movements in Belarus (1944-1956)] | title = Узнагароды | trans-title = Awards | url = http://www.slounik.org/155052.html | access-date = 14 October 2016 | language = Belarusian | edition = | date = | year = 1999 | publisher = Архіў Найноўшае Гісторыі | series = | volume = | location = Minsk | id = | isbn = 985-6374-07-3 | oclc = | doi = | pages = | quote = | ref = }} 16. ^{{cite web | url =https://www.facebook.com/notes/rada-of-the-belarusian-democratic-republic/%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5-%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B-%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F-%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B/10153594045746818 | title =РАДА БНР АДНАЎЛЯЕ ЎЗНАГАРОДЫ – РЭЗАЛЮЦЫЯ СЭСІІ РАДЫ | trans-title= Rada of the BDR Renews Awards - Resolution of the Session of the Rada | last = | first = | date =16 April 2016 | website =Official Rada of the BDR Facebook page | publisher = | access-date =14 October 2016 | quote = | language = Belarusian}} External links
5 : Belarusian National Republic|Governments in exile|Politics of Belarus|Parliaments of Belarus|Belarusian diaspora |
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