请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Swimsuit competition
释义

  1. Types of bikini contests

  2. History

  3. Contest organization

  4. Controversies

      Miss World contest    Miss Earth contest    Children's bikini contest    Miss Teen USA  

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300
| image1 = Hot Import Nights bikini contest 32.jpg |width1=260|height1=280
| image2 = Hot Import Nights bikini contest 21.jpg |width2=960|height2=1100
| footer = A swimsuit contestant wearing a microkini at the Hot Import Nights auto show held at the Atlanta Motor Speedway in 2010. She is waving to the crowd, who are to decide the winner by popular vote.
}}

A swimsuit competition, more commonly now called a bikini contest, is a beauty contest which is judged and ranked while contestants wear a swimsuit, typically a bikini. One of the judging criteria is the physical attributes of the contestants. The Big Four international beauty pageants have included examples of such a competition.

Bikini contests may be organised or sponsored by related companies for marketing purposes or to try to find and attract new talent to promote their products,[1] masquerading as mild adult entertainment in the forms of a beauty contest. Swimwear competitions have been a part of beauty pageants, such as the Miss America and Miss World pageants and by organizations such as Hawaiian Tropic, and may also be held in a bar or nightclub, during intermissions of boxing or wrestling matches or at a car show. Bodybuilding and fitness competitions have evolved to include a bikini division. Participants in such contests may be competing for prizes including trophies, money, and modeling contracts.

Types of bikini contests

Type Image Description
Beauty pageant Finalists at the swimsuit round of Miss Earth 2007 from Georgia, Canada, Venezuela, Spain, Thailand, Switzerland, and India. Though many pageants are playing down the bikini contest part,[2] participants in some beauty contests like the Miss Earth or the Miss Teen USA pageants, are required to wear bikinis as part of the competition.[3]
Entertainment Hooters bikini contest in Courtyard, Jacksonville, Florida, 2005.
Fitness Fitness models at Hong Kong Bodybuilding Championships, 2012. Early women's bodybuilding was about bikini contests. After protests in the 1970s Gloria Miller Fudge started real bodybuilding.[4] Bikini competition was created within fitness and figure competitions as a category on November 7, 2010 by IFBB to attract more female participants.[5] The first Bikini Olympia was introduced in 2010.
Wrestling Charles Wright hosting a bikini contest as part of the Hulkamania Tour in Melbourne, 2009. Wrestlers like Eve Torres and Kelly Kelly are also bikini models.

History

In the United States, beauty pageants of women in bathing costumes became popular from the 1880s. However, such events were not regarded as respectable. Beauty contests became more respectable with the first modern "Miss America" contest held in 1921, though less respectable beauty contests continued to be held.

Contest organization

{{multiple image |
|width1 = 180 |image1 = Blue bikini.jpg
|width2 = 175 |image2 = Jessica Canizales 3.jpg
|footer = Bikini contest in Florida, 2006}}

Public swimsuit competitions are subject to local decency laws, which generally require nipples and labia to be covered. More specific standards of dress or nudity may be determined by the contest organisers. Contestants may be permitted or required to wear certain types of bikini, such as the microkini (a bikini consisting of a minimal top and thong). Contest organisers may also specify the contestants' age range. In many contests the winners are determined by a panel of judges, but in some cases formal judging is absent and the winner is decided by popular vote. Announcers often present the competition, and they may also help the contestants to connect with the crowd. Winning over the crowd is of principal importance for many competitions, as results can be heavily influenced by audience input.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Bikini contests may be organised or sponsored by related companies for marketing purposes or to try to find and attract new talent to promote their products.[1] Miss Hawaiian Tropic is organized by Playtex to promote "Hawaiian Tropic", its suntan lotion. NOPI runs the annual Hot Import Nights bikini contest, which is held in conjunction with the import car-show in Atlanta, Georgia, and the annual Hooter's bikini competition.

There are some swimsuit competitions which aim to judge the beauty of a single part of body, such as female buttocks (for example, the Miss Bum Bum contest held in Brazil, and the Miss Reef contest held in several South American countries).[6]

Controversies

Despite their popularity and women's voluntary participation, swimsuit competitions, especially bikini contests, may be controversial. Critics argue that beauty contests reinforce the idea that girls and women are primarily valued for their physical appearance, and that this puts pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards by spending time and money on fashion, cosmetics, hair styling and even cosmetic surgery. It depletes their bodies of nutrients, energy and even water at the end and expresses a totally unrealistic and unsustainable lifestyle, centered purely around how little fat and how much spray tan they have on. This pursuit of physical beauty even encourages some women to diet to the point of harming themselves.[7][8][9]

Miss World contest

The first Miss World contest was organized by Eric Morley in 1951 as a promotion for swimwear at the Festival of Britain.[10][11] The press welcomed the spectacle and referred to it as Miss World.[12] When the winner Kiki Håkansson from Sweden was crowned in a bikini, countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates. The bikinis were outlawed and evening gowns introduced instead.[13] Håkansson remains the only Miss World crowned in a bikini,[12] a crowning that was condemned by the Pope.[14] The bikini was banned from Miss World beauty pageants after the controversy.[15][16]

Bikinis reappeared in later contests amid additional controversy. In the 1970s and 1980s the contest was regularly picketed by feminist protesters.[16] The pageant disappeared for a while and in 1996, when the Miss World contest was held in Bangalore, India, dozens of Indian groups opposed to the event claimed that the contest degraded women by featuring them in bikinis. Social activist Subhashini Ali commented, "It's not an IQ test. Neither is it a charity show. It's a beauty contest in which these things have been added on as sops." The protests were so intense that the organizers were finally compelled to shift the venue of the "Swimsuit Round" to Seychelles.[17][18][19] Countering these claims, the contest organizer says that the organization has raised ₤300 million for charity in many of the countries where it operates since 2000.[20]

In 2013, the Miss World event was hosted by Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim-majority country. The country's top Muslim clerical body, the Indonesian Ulema Council, suggested that the event should be cancelled because it promotes "hedonism, materialism, and consumerism," and is nothing but "an excuse to show women's body parts that should remain covered." The organizers later announced that the bikini would be replaced by one-piece swimsuits and sarongs, traditional beachwear on the resort island of Bali. Pageant Chairwoman Julia Morley explained, "I do not want to upset or get anyone in a situation where we are being disrespectful."[21]

Critics accuse the Miss World organizers of caving to extremist pressures.[22] They point out that Bali is a destination for tourists from across the world who often wear minimal swimwear.[23]

Brooke Magnanti argued that the decision to yield to religious fundamentalists was not a victory for feminism:

{{quote|While no great fan of pageants there's something about this that rubs the wrong way. For some time it's been clear that the interests and tactics of certain types of feminism and certain types of religious fundamentalism not only converge, but seem to complement each other.[24]}}

Donald Trump, who owned the Miss Universe beauty pageant until it was acquired by William Morris Endeavor,[25] a competitor to the Miss World contest, was delighted to learn of the rival organization's decision. He told Fox TV, "Well, I own Miss Universe, so I'm actually very happy about it—because if Miss World doesn't have bikinis their ratings go right down the tubes."[26] Coincidentally, Miss Teen USA, a Miss Universe pageant, abolished swimsuit competitions in favour of a sportswear competition in 2016.

Miss Earth contest

Vida Samadzai was the 2003 Afghani contestant for the Miss Earth title. She was severely condemned by the both Afghan authorities and community for seeking the title.[27] Samadzai was born in Afghanistan but raised in the United States. She was living in India at the time of the contest.[28] The Afghan Supreme Court banned swimsuit contests and said that appearing naked in beauty contests is completely un-Islamic, and is against Afghan tradition, human honour and dignity. Habiba Sarabi, the Afghan women affairs minister, said Samadzai's semi-naked appearance "is not women's freedom but in my opinion is to entertain men". Afghanistan's embassy in Washington DC declared that claims by Afghan American Samadzai to represent Afghanistan is baseless.[29] Samadzai, the second woman to be crowned Miss Afghanistan after Zohra Daoud's crowning in 1972, received a number of death threats and had to be under the protection of FBI for three months.[27][30] She said she was a bit uncomfortable wearing the "70s style red bikini" and was aware of the risks involved.[28][31][32]

In the Miss Earth 2017, Carousel Productions, the organizer of the pageant, was criticized of objectifying women when the delegates wore swimsuits in the Beauty of Figure and Form, with their faces concealed by a veil, a segment first introduced in the Miss Philippines Earth 2017 pageant.[33][34][35][36] The event was one of the three preliminary judging segments of the pageant that include Poise and Beauty of Face and Environmental and Intelligence Competition.[37][33] The pageant organizer defended that the "beauty of figure and form" segment was intended to promote strict impartiality during pre-judging by focusing on the contestants' curves, execution and not beautiful face.[38][34]

Children's bikini contest

Miss Tanguita, which translates as "Miss Child Bikini", is held in Barbosa, Santader, Colombia as annual part of the "del Rio Suarez" Festival. The organisers deny the allegations that the competition is a camouflage for sexual exploitation, and instead describe it as an awareness event about the importance of children's fitness. Activists say that the competition, though legal, abuses the human rights of minors.[39]

Miss Teen USA

Beginning in 2016, the Miss Teen USA pageant removed the swimsuit competition and replaced it with an athleticwear round.[40]

See also

  • Bikini in popular culture
  • Victoria's Secret Fashion Show
  • Wet T-shirt contest
  • Women's beachwear fashion

References

1. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://adage.com/article/sound-vision-music/inside-line-homemade-bikini-contest-marks-12th-year/58172/ |title = Inside Line: Homemade bikini contest marks 12th year |work=Advertising Age |publisher = Crain Communications Inc. |date = May 29, 2000 }}
2. ^Roger Chapman, Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, pages 38–39, M.E. Sharpe, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-2250-1}}
3. ^{{cite news| title = Teen To Appear on Nationally Televised Pageant| work = Fayetteville Observer| publisher = Charles Broadwell| date = August 7, 1993}}
4. ^Anne Bolin, Jane Granskog, Athletic Intruders: Ethnographic Research on Women, Culture, and Exercise, page 114, SUNY Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5583-8}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last=Kotel|first=Amanda|title=What's the Deal with Bikini Contests?|journal=|date=October 1, 2012|accessdate=August 23, 2013|url=http://www.muscleandbodymag.com/features/whats-the-deal-with-bikini-contests/|publisher=Muscle & Body|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130905225140/http://www.muscleandbodymag.com/features/whats-the-deal-with-bikini-contests/|archivedate=September 5, 2013|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2718984/Brazils-finest-assets-Country-unveils-27-women-set-compete-annual-Miss-Bum-Bum-contest.html |title=Brazil's finest assets on show: Country unveils the 27 women set to compete in its annual Miss Bum Bum contest |newspaper=Daily Mail |date= August 7, 2014 |author=Sophie Jane Evans |accessdate=October 26, 2014}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Beauty and body image in the media|publisher=Media Awareness Network|accessdate=2009-01-17|url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118094138/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm|archivedate=18 January 2009|deadurl=yes|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Reigning Miss Universe Suspected of Having Cosmetic Surgery|accessdate=2010-08-23|url=http://cosmeticsurgerytoday.wordpress.com/2009/08/29/reigning-miss-universe-suspected-of-having-cosmetic-surgery/| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100826000856/http://cosmeticsurgerytoday.wordpress.com/2009/08/29/reigning-miss-universe-suspected-of-having-cosmetic-surgery/| archivedate= 26 August 2010 | deadurl= no}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Plastic Surgery: Bollywood, Miss Universe, and the Indian Girl Next Door|publisher=Gujarati Magazine (Sandesh)|accessdate=2010-08-23|url=http://www.shahfacialplastics.com/media/plastic_surgery_bollywood.pdf}}
10. ^{{cite book|first1= Elissa |last1=Stein |first2=Lee |last2= Meriwether |title=Beauty Queen |page=45 |publisher=Chronicle Books |year= 2006|isbn=0-8118-4864-7}}
11. ^{{cite book|first=Susan |last= Dewey |title=Making Miss India Miss World|page=46|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year= 2008|isbn=0-8156-3176-6}}
12. ^1 {{cite book |first=Keith |last=Lovegrove|title=Pageant: The Beauty Contest|page=1967|publisher=teNeues|year=2002|isbn= 3-8238-5569-7}}
13. ^{{cite book|first=Han |last=Shin |title=Beauty with a Purpose|page= 193 |publisher=iUniverse|year=2004|isbn= 0-595-30926-7}}
14. ^{{cite journal |title=Selvedge: The Fabric of Your Life|page=39|publisher= Selvedge Ltd. |year=2005}}
15. ^{{cite book|first1=Ben |last1=Marcus|first2=Jeff |last2=Divine |title=Surfing USA!: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time |page= 60|publisher=MVP Books|year=2005|isbn= 978-0-89658-690-1}}
16. ^1 {{cite web|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html|publisher=Telegraph|accessdate=22 August 2013 |date=7 June 2013}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/miss.world/index.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217161734/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/23/miss.world/index.html |title=Miss Greece now Miss World, despite pageant protests |publisher=CNN |date=23 November 1996 |archivedate= 17 December 2003}}
18. ^{{cite web |first=Anita |last=Pratap |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/22/india.miss.world/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404132350/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/22/india.miss.world/index.html |title=Indian police prepare for worst in beauty pageant clash |publisher=CNN|date=22 November 1996 | archivedate= 4 April 2003}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/17/miss.world/index.html|title= Beauty pageant in India becomes a contest of wills |first=Anita |last=Pratap |publisher=CNN |date= 17 November 1996}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-business/10067778/Miss-World-owner-Julia-Morley-How-a-mother-and-housewife-gave-the-beauty-pageant-a-positive-legacy.html |title=Miss World owner: How a mother and housewife gave the beauty pageant a positive legacy |accessdate=21 August 2013 |date=20 May 2013 |first=Emma |last=Sinclair}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Miss World Beauty Pageant Bans Bikinis|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/06/10/miss-world-beauty-pageant_n_3415087.html|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=June 14, 2013|date=June 10, 2013|quote=The bikini segment is one of the cornerstones of the Miss World Beauty Pageant but the 2013 event will not be featuring them. Out of respect to this year's Muslim host nation Indonesia, the 137 contestants at the event in Jakarta will be wearing the traditional long sarongs of Bali instead.}}
22. ^{{cite web|last=Lewis|first=Leo|title=Miss World contest cuts bikini round to appease Muslim world|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article3784468.ece|publisher=Times Newspapers Limited|accessdate=14 June 2013}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=The controversial bikini ban at the Miss World beauty pageant|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/245346/the-controversial-bikini-ban-at-the-miss-world-beauty-pageant|accessdate=22 August 2013 |first=Harold |last=Maass |date= 7 June 2013}}
24. ^{{cite web|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=June 14, 2013|date=June 7, 2013}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenkilloran/2015/09/14/donald-trump-owned-miss-universe-miss-usa-pageants-need-a-network-who-will-bite/|title=Donald Trump Sells Miss Universe, Miss USA Pageants To WME/IMG -- But They Still Need A Network|first=Ellen|last=Killoran|date=14 September 2015|website=Forbes}}
26. ^{{cite web|last=Harrison|first=Lily|title=Donald Trump Defends Bikini Contests on Miss World Competition|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/428239/donald-trump-defends-bikini-contests-on-miss-world-competition|publisher=E!Online|accessdate=June 14, 2013|date=June 10, 2013|quote=Bikini contests aren't going anywhere if Donald Trump has his way.}}
27. ^1 Gersh Kuntzman, "Beauty is a Beast", Newsweek, 2003-11-03
28. ^1 Ayesha Matthan, "Fida over Vida", The Hindu, 2007-12-18
29. ^News desk, "Afghan Supreme Court bans beauty pageants", Independent Online, 2003-09-30
30. ^Farhad J. Dadyburjor, "I was under FBI's watch for 3 months: Miss Afghanistan", Daily News and Analysis, 2006-06-29
31. ^News Desk, "Miss Afghanistan says she was uncomfortable wearing bikini, goal is to help women and children back home", Financial Times, 2003-11-07
32. ^Kimi Yoshino, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023072413/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-87832327.html Causing a stir, all because of a bikini]", Times New Service , 2003-11-28
33. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://us.blastingnews.com/showbiz-tv/2017/10/miss-earth-organizers-slammed-over-controversial-preliminary-round-002104593.html|title=Miss Earth organizers slammed over controversial preliminary round|last=Dela Cruz|first=Lito|date=19 October 2017|work=|access-date=20 November 2017}}
34. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/06/25/veiled-faces-and-2-piece-swimsuits-in-miss-philippines-earth-pageant/|title=Veiled faces and 2-piece swimsuits in Miss Philippines Earth pageant|last=Requintina|first=Robert R.|date=25 June 2017|work=Manila Bulletin|access-date=20 November 2017}}
35. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pep.ph/news/67353/miss-philippines-earth-2017-organizers-defend-controversial-preliminary-event|title=Miss Philippines Earth 2017 organizers defend controversial preliminary event|last=Tuazon|first=Nikko|date=24 June 2017|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal|access-date=20 November 2017}}
36. ^{{Cite news|url=https://coconuts.co/manila/lifestyle/miss-earth-pageant-covers-contestants-faces-walk-swimsuits/|title=Miss Earth pageant covers contestants' faces as they walk down in swimsuits|last=News|first=Manila|date=20 October 2017|work=Coconuts Media|access-date=20 November 2017}}
37. ^{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/234430/miss-ph-earth-winners-unveiled-tonight|title=Miss PH-Earth winners 'unveiled' tonight|last=Adina|first=Armin|date=15 July 2017|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=20 November 2017}}
38. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/miss-earth/philippines/173937-miss-philippines-earth-organizers-statement-veil-swimsuit-controversy|title=Miss PH Earth organizers on veil issue: Women not objectified|last=News|first=Rappler|date=25 June 2017|work=Rappler|access-date=20 November 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://pekanbaru.tribunnews.com/2015/01/14/wah-kontes-ratu-bikini-anak-anak-digelar-di-negara-ini |title=Wah, Kontes Ratu Bikini Anak-anak Digelar di Negara Ini |author=Raya Desmawanto Nainggolan |date=January 14, 2015}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/shows/total_divas/news/781840/first-look-see-what-miss-teen-usa-contestants-will-wear-instead-of-bikinis|title=First Look! See What Miss Teen USA Contestants Will Wear Instead of Bikinis on Total Divas|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-10}}

External links

{{Commons|Bikini}}{{Commons category|Bikini contests}}{{Commons category|Group photographs of women wearing bikinis}}
  • Bikinicontest.com – a gathering spot for bikini models and contest participants
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117011849/http://bikinicontestsguide.com/ Bikinicontestsguide.com – a guide on how to organize bikini contests]
{{Clothing}}

3 : Competitions|Sports entertainment|Swimsuits
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/14 2:02:14