“Swindon”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Swindon railway station is on the line from London Paddington to Bristol. Swindon Borough Council is a unitary authority, independent of Wiltshire Council since 1997. Residents of Swindon are known as Swindonians. Swindon is home to the Bodleian Library's book depository,^[3] the English Heritage National Monument Record Centre, the headquarters of the National Trust, on the site of the former Great Western Railway works, and the Nationwide Building Society, and a Honda car manufacturing plant.

History

Early history

The original Anglo-Saxon settlement of Swindon sat in a defensible position atop a limestone hill. It is referred to in the Domesday Book as Suindune, believed to be derived from the Old English words "swine" and "dun" meaning "pig hill" or possibly Sweyn's hill, Sweyn being derived from the German word „Schwein“, meaning pig.

Before the Battle of Hastings the Swindon estate was owned by an Anglo-Saxon thane called Leofgeat.^[4] After the Norman Conquest Swindon was given to Wadard, a knight in the service of Odo of Bayeux, brother of the king.^[5]

The Goddard family were lord of the manor for many generations, living at the manor house, sometimes known as The Lawn.

Swindon was a small market town, mainly for barter trade, until roughly 1848. This original market area is on top of the hill in central Swindon, now known as Old Town.^[6]

The Industrial Revolution was responsible for an acceleration of Swindon's growth. It started with the construction of the Wilts and Berks Canal in 1810 and the North Wilts Canal in 1819. The canals brought trade to the area and Swindon's population started to grow.

Railway town

Between 1841 and 1842, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Swindon Works was built for the repair and maintenance of locomotives on the Great Western Railway (GWR). The GWR built a small railway village to house some of its workers. The Steam Railway Museum and English Heritage, including the English Heritage Archive, now occupy part of the old works. In the village were the GWR Medical Fund Clinic at Park House and its hospital, both on Faringdon Road, and the 1892 health centre in Milton Road, which housed clinics, a pharmacy, laundries, baths, Turkish baths and swimming pools, was almost opposite.

From 1871, GWR workers had a small amount deducted from their weekly pay and put into a healthcare fund; GWR doctors could prescribe them or their family members free medicines or send them for medical treatment. In 1878 the fund began providing artificial limbs made by craftsmen from the carriage and wagon works, and nine years later opened its first dental surgery. In his first few months in post the dentist extracted more than 2,000 teeth. From the opening in 1892 of the health centre, a doctor could also prescribe a haircut or even a bath. The cradle-to-grave extent of this service was later used as a blueprint for the NHS.^[7]

The Mechanics' Institute, formed in 1844, moved into a building that looked rather like a church and included a covered market, on 1 May 1855. The New Swindon Improvement Company, a co-operative, raised the funds for this programme of self-improvement and paid the GWR £40 a year for its new home on a site at the heart of the railway village. It was a groundbreaking organisation that transformed the railway's workforce into some of the country's best-educated manual workers.^[8]

The Mechanics' Institute had the UK's first lending library,^[9] and a range of improving lectures, access to a theatre and various other activities, such as ambulance classes and xylophone lessons. A former institute secretary formed the New Swindon Co-operative Society in 1853 which, after a schism in the society's membership, spawned the New Swindon Industrial Society, which ran a retail business from a stall in the market at the institute. The institute also nurtured pioneering trades unionists and encouraged local democracy.^[10]

When tuberculosis hit the new town, the Mechanics' Institute persuaded the industrial pioneers of North Wiltshire to agree that the railway's former employees should continue to receive medical attention from the doctors of the GWR Medical Society Fund, which the institute had played a role in establishing and funding.^[11]

Swindon's 'other' railway, the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway, merged with the Swindon and Cheltenham Extension Railway to form the Midland & South Western Junction Railway, which set out to join the London & South Western Railway with the Midland Railway at Cheltenham. The Swindon, Marlborough & Andover had planned to tunnel under the hill on which Swindon's Old Town stands but the money ran out and the railway ran into Swindon Town railway station, off Devizes Road in the Old Town, skirting the new town to the west, intersecting with the GWR at Rushey Platt and heading north for Cirencester, Cheltenham and the LMS, whose 'Midland Red' livery the M&SWJR adopted.

During the second half of the 19th century, Swindon New Town grew around the main line between London and Bristol. In 1900, the original market town, Old Swindon, merged with its new neighbour at the bottom of the hill to become a single town.^[6]

On 1 July 1923, the GWR took over the largely single-track M&SWJR and the line northwards from Swindon Town was diverted to Swindon Junction station, leaving the Town station with only the line south to Andover and Salisbury.^[12]^[13]^[14] The last passenger trains on what had been the SM&A ran on 10 September 1961, 80 years after the railway's first stretch opened.

During the first half of the 20th century, the railway works was the town's largest employer and one of the biggest in the country, employing more than 14,500 workers. Alfred Williams^[15] (1877–1930) wrote about his life as a hammerman at the works.^[16]

The works' decline started in 1960, when it rolled out Evening Star, the last steam engine to be built in the UK.^[17] The works lost its locomotive building role and took on rolling stock maintenance for British Rail. In the late 1970s, much of the works closed and the rest followed in 1986.

The community centre in the railway village was originally the barrack accommodation for railway employees of the GWR. The building became the Railway Museum in the 1960s, until the opening of the STEAM Museum in the 2000s.

Railway Town is the name of a feature-length documentary made by local filmmaker Martin Parry about the creation of the town around the railway works.

Modern period

David Murray John, Swindon's town clerk from 1938 to 1974, is seen as a pioneering figure in Swindon's post-war regeneration: his last act before retirement was to sign the contract for Swindon's tallest building, which is now named after him.^[18] Murray John's successor was David Maxwell Kent, appointed by the Swindon/Highworth Joint Committee in 1973: he had worked closely with Murray John and continued similar policies for a further twenty years. The Greater London Council withdrew from the Town Development Agreement and the local council continued the development on its own.

There was the problem of the Western Development and of Lydiard Park being in the new North Wiltshire district, but this was resolved by a boundary change to take in part of North Wiltshire. Another factor limiting local decision-taking was the continuing role of Wiltshire County Council in the administration of Swindon. Together with like-minded councils, a campaign was launched to bring an updated form of county borough status to Swindon. This was successful in 1997 with the formation of Swindon Borough Council, covering the area of the former Thamesdown and the former Highworth Rural District Council.

The closure of the railway works (which had been in decline for many years) was a major blow to Swindon.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Because of this and the major growth in population, diversification was continued at a rapid pace and the town now has all the features of a successful urban/rural council in the Outer South East zone.

In February 2008 The Times named Swindon as one of "The 20 best places to buy a property in Britain".^[19] Only Warrington had a lower ratio of house prices to household income in 2007, with the average household income in Swindon among the highest in the country.

In October 2008 Swindon made a controversial move to ban fixed point speed cameras. The move was branded as reckless by some^[20] but by November 2008 Portsmouth, Walsall, and Birmingham councils^[21]^[22] were also considering the move.

In 2001 construction began on Priory Vale, the third and final instalment in Swindon's 'Northern Expansion' project, which began with Abbey Meads and continued at St Andrew's Ridge. In 2002 the New Swindon Company was formed with the remit of regenerating the town centre, to improve Swindon's regional status.^[23] The main areas targeted were Union Square, The Promenade, The Hub, Swindon Central, North Star Village, The Campus and the Public Realm.

Governance

The local council was created in 1974 as the Borough of Thamesdown, out of the areas of Swindon Borough and Highworth Rural District. It was not initially called Swindon, because the borough covers a larger area than the town; it was renamed as the Borough of Swindon in 1997. The borough became a unitary authority on 1 April 1997,^[24] following a review by the Local Government Commission for England. The town is therefore no longer under the auspices of Wiltshire Council.

The executive comprises a leader and a cabinet, currently made up from the Conservative Group. The council as of the 2016 election has a majority of Conservative councillors.^[25]

Swindon is represented in the national parliament by two MPs. Robert Buckland (Conservative) was elected for the South Swindon seat in May 2010 with a 5.5% swing from Labour and Justin Tomlinson, also Conservative, represents North Swindon after a 10.1% swing at the same election. Both retained their seats at the 2015 and 2017 elections.^[26] Prior to 1997 there was a single seat for Swindon, although much of what is now in Swindon was then part of the Devizes seat.

Geography

Swindon is a town in northeast Wiltshire, 35 miles (56 km) west-northwest of Reading and the same distance east-northeast of Bristol 'as the crow flies'.^[27]^[28] The town is also 26 miles (42 km) southwest of Oxford, 65 miles (104 km) south-southeast of Birmingham, 71 miles (114 km) west of London and 60 miles (98 km) east of Cardiff. Swindon town centre is also equidistant from the county boundaries of Berkshire and Gloucestershire, both being 8 miles (13 km) away. The border with Oxfordshire is slightly closer, being around 5 miles (8 km) away.

Swindon is within a landlocked county and is a considerable distance from any coastline. The nearest section of coast on the English Channel is near Christchurch, 56 miles (90 km) due south. Meanwhile the eastern limit of the Bristol Channel, just north of Weston-super-mare, lies 53 miles (85 km) to the west.

The landscape is dominated by the chalk hills of the Wiltshire Downs to the south and east. The Old Town stands on a hill of Purbeck and Portland stone; this was quarried from Roman times until the 1950s. The area that was known as New Swindon is made up of mostly Kimmeridge clay with outcrops of Corrallian clay in the areas of Penhill and Pinehurst. Oxford clay makes up the rest of the borough.^[29] The River Ray rises at Wroughton and forms much of the borough's western boundary, joining the Thames which defines the northern boundary, and the source of which is located in nearby Kemble, Gloucestershire. The River Cole and its tributaries flow northeastward from the town and form the northeastern boundary.

Climate

Swindon has a maritime climate type, like all of the British Isles, with comparatively mild winters and comparatively cool summers considering its latitude. The nearest official weather station is RAF Lyneham, about {{convert|10|mi|km}} west south west of Swindon town centre. The weather station's elevation is 145 metres, compared to the typical 100 metres encountered around Swindon town centre, so is likely to be marginally cooler throughout the year.

The absolute maximum is 34.9C (94.8F)^[30] recorded during August 1990. In an average year the warmest day should reach 28.7C (83.7F)^[31] and 10.3 days^[32] should register a temperature of 25.1C (77.2F) or above

The absolute minimum is −16.0C (3.0F),^[33] recorded in January 1982, and in an average year 45.2 nights of air frost can be expected.

Sunshine, at 1565 hours a year, is typical for inland parts of Southern England, although significantly higher than most areas further north.

Annual rainfall averages slightly under {{convert|720|mm|0|abbr=on}} per year, with 123 days reporting over 1 mm of rain.

Demographics

The 2001 census{{Fix|text=out of date}} showed there were 180,061 people and 75,154 occupied houses in the Swindon Unitary Authority.^[36] The average household size was 2.38 people. The population density was 780/km² (2020.19/mi²). 20.96% of the population were 0–15 years old, 72.80% 16–74 and the remaining 6.24% were 75 years old or over. For every 100 females there were 98.97 males. Approximately 300,000 people lived within 20 minutes of Swindon town centre.

It is forecast that there will be a 70,000 (38.9%) increase in Swindon's population by 2026 from the current 180,000, to 250,000.^[37]{{Fix|text=out of date}}

The majority of Swindonians (70.3%) identify themselves as Christians. This is followed by those of no religion (19.2%), Muslims (1.0%), Sikhs (0.6%), Hindus (0.6%), other (0.2%) and Judaism (0.1%). In addition, 8.0% of people chose not to answer this question in the 2001 census.^[38]

In May 2007{{Fix|text=out of date}}, 65.3% of households in Swindon had broadband Internet access, the highest in the UK, up 5.5% from June 2006.^[39]

In 2015, Public Health England found that 70.4% of the population was either overweight or obese with a BMI greater than 25.^[40]

In 2011, Swindon had a population of 182,441^[41] compared with 209,156 for the surrounding borough.^[42] The borough includes the town of Highworth and the large village of Wroughton. The population of the town increased from the 2001 census estimate of 155,700.

In 2011, the area of the town was 46.2 km2 (29 miles squared)^[43] or 3,949 people per square kilometre (6357 per square mile).

In 2011, 16.7% of the population of Swindon were non White British compared with 15.4% in the surrounding borough. There was also little difference between the percentages of Black and Asian residents. Swindon is one of the most ethnically diverse towns in South West England: 4.6% of the population registered themselves as 'Other White' and 2.5% of the population was either mixed race or of another ethnicity.^[41] The most ethnically diverse areas outside the town centre are to the north and east, such as Eastcott, Walcot and Gorse Hill.

There are three definitions of the town of Swindon for statistical purposes.^[44] The most accurate and widely accepted is the Built Up Area Subdivision, which had a population of 182,441 in 2011. Another definition is the Built Up Area, with a slightly higher population of 185,609 which includes outlying areas not often referred to as being part of the town, such as Wanborough. The final definition is the unparished area, with a population of 122,642. As its name suggests it reflects the former unparished area, now covered by the parishes of West Swindon, Central Swindon North and South, and Nythe, Eldene and Liden; thus it omits suburbs to the east and north, namely the parishes of Covingham, Stratton St Margaret and Haydon Wick.^[45]

Places of worship

There are numerous places of worship in Swindon, some of which are listed buildings.^[46] Until 1845, the only church in Swindon was the Holy Rood Church, a Grade II listed building.^[47] That year, St Mark's Church was built. In 1851, Christ Church was built. Later in the year, the first Roman Catholic chapel was opened in the town and was also named Holy Rood. In 1866, Cambria Baptist Chapel was built. In the 1880s, Bath Road Methodist Chapel was built. In 1885, St Barnabas Church was built. In 1907, St Augustine's Church in Even Swindon was built. Various churches and places of worship were built in the town by other denominations and faiths.^[48]

Polish community

After the end of World War II, Polish refugees were temporarily housed in barracks at Fairford RAF base about {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} north. Around 1950, some settled in Scotland and others in Swindon^[49] rather than stay in the barracks or hostels they were offered.^[50]

The 2001 UK Census{{Fix|text=out of date}} found that most of the Polish-born people had stayed or returned after serving with British forces during World War II. Swindon and Nottingham were parts of this settlement.^[51] Data from that census showed that 566 Swindonians were Poland-born.^[52] Notes to those data read: ‘The Polish Resettlement Act of 1947, which was designed to provide help and support to people who wished to settle here, covered about 190,000 people ... at the time Britain did not recognise many of the professional [qualifications] gained overseas ... [but] many did find work after the war; some went down the mines, some worked on the land or in steel works. Housing was more of a problem and many Poles were forced to live in barracks previously used for POWs ... The first generation took pains to ensure that their children grew up with a strong sense of Polish identity.'

In 2004{{Fix|text=out of date}}, NHS planners devising services for senior citizens estimated that 5 percent of Swindon's population were not 'ethnically British'^[53] and most of those were culturally Polish.

The town's Polish ex-servicemen's club, which had run a football team for 45 years, closed in 2012. Barman Jerzy Trojan blamed the decline of both club and team on the children and grandchildren of the original refugees losing their Polish identity.^[54]

Economy

Major employers include the Honda car production plant (which will close in 2021) at the former Vickers-Armstrongs Supermarine aircraft factory on the former South Marston aerodrome, BMW/Mini (formerly Pressed Steel Fisher) in Stratton, Dolby Labs, international engineering consultancy firm Halcrow, and retailer W H Smith's distribution centre and headquarters. The electronics company Intel has its European head office on the south side of the town. Insurance and financial services companies such as Nationwide Building Society and Zurich Financial Services, the energy companies RWE Generation UK plc and Npower (a company of the Innogy group), the fuel card and fleet management company Arval, pharmaceutical companies such as Canada's Patheon and the United States-based Catalent Pharma Solutions and French medical supplies manufacturer Vygon (UK) Ltd have their UK divisions headquartered in the town. Swindon also has the head office of the National Trust.

Other employers include all of the national Research Councils, the British Computer Society, TE Connectivity, consumer goods supplier Reckitt Benckiser.

Previously Swindon was a centre of excellence for 3G and 4G mobile telecommunications research and development for Motorola, Alcatel, Lucent Technologies, Nokia Siemens Networks and Cisco.

Transport

At the junction of two Roman roads, the town has developed into a transport hub over the centuries. It is on the historical GWR and on canals. It also has two junctions (15 and 16) on the M4 motorway.

Swindon bus operators are Thamesdown and Stagecoach. The local council acknowledges the need for more car parking as part of its vision for 2010.{{Fix|text=out of date}}^[56] Swindon is one of the locations for an innovative scheme called Car share. It was set up as a joint venture between Wiltshire County Council and a private organisation, and now has over 300,000 members registered. It is a car pool or ride-sharing rather than a car share scheme, seeking to link people willing to share transport.

The town contains a large roundabout called Magic Roundabout. There are five mini-roundabouts within this roundabout and at its centre is a contra-rotational hub.^[57] It is the junction of five roads: (clockwise from South) Drove Road, Fleming Way, County Road, Shrivenham Road and Queens Drive. It is built on the site of Swindon wharf on the abandoned Wilts & Berks Canal, near the County Ground. The official name used to be County Islands, although it was colloquially known as the Magic Roundabout and the official name was changed in the late 1990s{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} to match its nickname.

Tourism and recreation

Events

Arts venues

Shopping

Green spaces

Other

Media

Online

Swindon has many online media outlets with the largest being the Swindon Advertiser. SwindonWeb was the first website dedicated to Swindon in 1997 followed by SwindonLink and The Swindonian with many other sites now available.

Swindon has a daily newspaper, the Swindon Advertiser, with daily circulation of about 4,000 with an estimated readership of 21,000. Other newspapers covering the area include Bristol's daily Western Daily Press and the Swindon Advertisers weekly, the Gazette and Herald; the Wiltshire Ocelot (a free listings magazine), The Swindonian Monthly Magazine Swindon Star, Hungry Monkeys (a comic), Stratton Outlook, Frequency (an arts and cultural magazine), Great Swindon Magazine, Swindon Business News, Swindon Link and Highworth Link.

Radio

Local radio stations include Sam FM and Heart Wiltshire in the commercial sector, with BBC Wiltshire as a publicly funded alternative. The town has its own 24-hour community radio station, Swindon 105.5, which was given the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2014, the highest award which can be given to a voluntary group.

Television

The Swindon area is in the overlap between two transmission regions, for the Thames valley and the West of England. ITV regional news programmes come from ITV News Meridian (with offices at Abingdon) and ITV West (Bristol). On BBC One the area is served by both South Today (from Oxford) and Points West (Bristol).

Between 1973 and 1982, the town had its own cable television channel called Swindon Viewpoint. This was a community television project run mainly by enthusiasts from studios in Victoria Hill, and later by Media Arts at the Town Hall Studios. It was followed by the more commercial Swindon's Local Channel, which included pay-per-view films.^[66] NTL (later Virgin Media) took over the channel's parent company, ComTel, and closed the station.

Education

The borough of Swindon has many primary schools, 12 secondary schools and two purpose built sixth-form colleges. Two secondary schools also have sixth forms. There is one independent school, Maranatha Christian School at Sevenhampton.

Secondary schools

Further education

New College and Swindon College cater for the town's further education and higher education requirements, mainly for 16- to 21-year-olds. Swindon College is one of the largest FE-HE colleges in southwestern England, situated at a purpose-built campus in North Star, Swindon.

Swindon also has a foundation learning programme called Include, which is situated in the Gorse Hill area. This is for 16- to 19-year-olds who are currently not in education or work.

Higher education

Swindon is the UK's largest centre of population without its own university (by comparison, there are two universities in nearby Bath, which is half Swindon's size). In March 2008, a proposal was made by former Swindon MP, Anne Snelgrove, for a university-level institution to be established in the town within a decade, culminating in a future 'University of Swindon' (with some touting the future institution to be entitled 'The Murray John University, Swindon', after the town's most distinguished post-war civic leader). In October 2008, plans were announced for a possible University of Swindon campus to be built in east Swindon to the south of the town's Great Western Hospital, close to the M4-A419 interchange. However, these plans are currently mothballed.

Oxford Brookes University has had a campus in Swindon since 1999. The campus offers degrees in Adult Nursing and Operating Department Practice (ODP).^[67] The Joel Joffe Building^[68] opened in August 2016 and was officially opened^[69] in February 2017 by Lord Joel Joffe, a long-time Swindon resident and former human rights lawyer. From 1999 to 2016 the Ferndale Campus was based in north-central Swindon. The main OBU campus is about {{Convert|27|mi|km|0}} northeast of Swindon. The university also sponsors UTC Swindon, which opened in 2014 for students aged 14–19.

Between 2000 and 2008 the University of Bath had a campus in Walcot, east Swindon.

Museums and cultural institutions

Sports

Football

Swindon Town F.C. play at the County Ground near the town centre. They have been Football League members since joining the then-new Third Division (southern section) in 1920, and won promotion to the Second Division for the first time in 1963. They won their only major trophy to date, the Football League Cup, in 1969 beating Arsenal 3-1, and won the Anglo-Italian Cup the following year as the Football Association forbade Swindon from competing in the European Cup because they were in Division 3. They won promotion to the First Division in 1990, but stayed in the Second Division due to financial irregularities, and reached the top flight (by then the Premier League) three years later. Their spell in the top flight lasted just one season, and then came a second successive relegation. A brief recovery saw them promoted at the first attempt as champions of the new Division Two, but they were relegated again four years later and in 2006 fell back into the fourth tier for the first time since 1986, although promotion was gained at the first attempt. They were relegated again four years later. Under the charismatic reign of manager Paolo Di Canio, Swindon became League Two champions in 2011–12 and played in League One, the third-highest tier until the season of 2016–17, when they were relegated to League Two after losing their penultimate game against Scunthorpe 2–1.

The town also has a non-league club Swindon Supermarine F.C., playing in Southern League Division One South and West. Nearby Highworth Town F.C., based in Highworth, also play in the Southern League whilst Royal Wootton Bassett Town F.C., Shrivenham F.C. and New College Swindon F.C. are members of the Hellenic Football League.

Ice hockey

The Swindon Wildcats play in the second-tier English Premier Ice Hockey League. Since their inception in 1986, the Wildcats have played their home games at the 2,800-capacity Link Centre in West Swindon.

Motor sports

Swindon Robins are a speedway team competing in the top national division, the SGB Premiership, where they were champions in the 2017 season. The team has operated at the Abbey Stadium, Blunsdon since 1949. There was a speedway track in the Gorse Hill area of Swindon in the early days of the sport in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Foxhill motocross circuit is {{convert|6|mi|km}} south east of the town and has staged Grand Prix events.

In popular culture

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/php/uk-england-southwestengland.php?cityid=E35001437|title=Swindon (Swindon, South West England, United Kingdom) – Population Statistics|website=citypopulation.de|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810212016/http://citypopulation.de/php/uk-england-southwestengland.php?cityid=E35001437|archivedate=10 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10104178&c_id=10001043&add=N|title=Swindon: Total Population|accessdate=9 January 2007|publisher=A Vision of Britain through time|author=Great Britain Historical GIS Project|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203753/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10104178&c_id=10001043&add=N|archivedate=10 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11484494 | work=BBC News | title=Vast bookstore opens as famed library runs out of space | date=6 October 2010 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103053534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11484494 | archivedate=3 January 2013 | df=dmy-all }}
4. ^[https://erenow.com/postclassical/1066thehiddenhistoryinthebayeuxtapestry/20.html Wadard and Vital] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427235128/https://erenow.com/postclassical/1066thehiddenhistoryinthebayeuxtapestry/20.html |date=27 April 2018 }}.
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://erenow.com/postclassical/1066thehiddenhistoryinthebayeuxtapestry/20.html|title=Wadard and Vital - 1066: The Hidden History in the Bayeux Tapestry|website=erenow.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427235128/https://erenow.com/postclassical/1066thehiddenhistoryinthebayeuxtapestry/20.html|archivedate=27 April 2018|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^¹John Chandler, Swindon Decoded, The Hobnob Press 2005, {{ISBN|0-946418-37-3}}.
7. ^‘’Background’’ – The Mechanics Institution Trust, Swindon {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012181448/http://mechanics-trust.org.uk/history/background/ |date=12 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013
8. ^1850-1870 – The Mechanics Institution Trust, Swindon {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217090445/http://mechanics-trust.org.uk/history/1850-1870/ |date=17 December 2013 }}. Retrieved on 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013
9. ^Background – The Mechanics Institution Trust, Swindon {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012181448/http://mechanics-trust.org.uk/history/background/ |date=12 October 2013 }}. Retrieved on 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013
10. ^This is Our Heritage — 1996 lecture by Swindon labour movement historian Trevor Cockbill {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185012/http://mechanics-trust.org.uk/2003/07/this-is-our-heritage/ |date=4 March 2016 }}. Retrieved on 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013
11. ^Background – The Mechanics Institution Trust, Swindon {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012181448/http://mechanics-trust.org.uk/history/background/ |date=12 October 2013 }}. Retrieved 23 July 2007. Reference updated 12 December 2013 {{cite web |url=http://www.new-mechanics.com/history/background.htm/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 July 2007 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929175547/http://www.new-mechanics.com/history/background.htm/ |archivedate=29 September 2007 |df= }}
12. ^Swindon's Other Railway — the Swindon, Marlborough & Andover Railway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020619050944/http://www.swindonsotherrailway.co.uk/his.html |date=19 June 2002 }}. Retrieved on 23 July 2007.
13. ^The Midland & South Western Junction Railway, Railspot Reloaded {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224203526/http://glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/RR%20MidSWJR.htm |date=24 December 2007 }}.Retrieved on 23 July 2007.
14. ^GWR Museum picture gallery {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028190519/http://www.steampicturelibrary.com/pictures_447348/Swindon-Town-Station-c1920.html |date=28 October 2008 }}. Retrieved on 23 July 2007
15. ^Leonard Clark, Alfred Williams – His Life and Work, David and Charles 1969
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