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词条 Raspberry Pi
释义

  1. Generations of released models

  2. Hardware

      Processor    Performance    Overclocking    RAM    Networking    Special-purpose features    Peripherals    Video    Real-time clock    Specifications    Connectors    Pi Zero    Model A    Model B    General purpose input-output (GPIO) connector    Accessories  

  3. Software

      Operating systems    Driver APIs    Firmware    Third party application software    Software development tools  

  4. Reception and use

      Community    Use in education    Use in home automation    Use in industrial automation    Use in commercial products  

  5. Astro Pi

  6. History

      Pre-launch    Launch    Post-launch  

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{Redirect|RPi|other uses|RPI (disambiguation){{!}}RPI|the dessert|Raspberry pie}}{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}{{Infobox computer
|logo =
|name = Raspberry Pi
|image = File:Raspberry Pi 3 B+ (39906369025).png
|caption = Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+
|releasedate= {{Start date and age|df=y|2012|02|29}}
|price = US$35[1]
|soc = Broadcom BCM2837B0
|cpu = 1.4 GHz 64/32-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53
|graphics = Broadcom VideoCore IV 300 MHz/400 MHz
|storage = MicroSDHC slot
|memory = 1 GB LPDDR2 RAM at 900 MHz[1]
|os = Linux
FreeBSD
NetBSD
OpenBSD
Plan 9
RISC OS
Windows 10 IoT Core
Windows 10 ARM64[2]
|power = 1.5 W (average when idle) to 6.7 W (maximum under stress)[4]
|website = {{URL|1=https://raspberrypi.org}}
|aka=RPi}}

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries.[3][4][5] The original model became far more popular than anticipated,[8] selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It does not include peripherals (such as keyboards and mice) and cases. However, some accessories have been included in several official and unofficial bundles.[8]

The organisation behind the Raspberry Pi consists of two arms. The first two models were developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. After the Pi Model B was released, the Foundation set up Raspberry Pi Trading, with Eben Upton as CEO, to develop the third model, the B+. Raspberry Pi Trading is responsible for developing the technology while the Foundation is an educational charity to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries.

According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, more than 5 million Raspberry Pis were sold by February 2015, making it the best-selling British computer.[6] By November 2016 they had sold 11 million units,[11][7] and 12.5m by March 2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose computer".[8] In July 2017, sales reached nearly 15 million.[9] In March 2018, sales reached 19 million.[10]

Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales;[11] some are made in China or Japan.[12]

Generations of released models

Several generations of Raspberry Pis have been released. All models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU) and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU).

Processor speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.4 GHz for the Pi 3 Model B+; on-board memory ranges from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM. Secure Digital (SD) cards in MicroSDHC form factor (SDHC on early models) are used to store the operating system and program memory. The boards have one to four USB ports. For video output, HDMI and composite video are supported, with a standard 3.5 mm tip-ring-sleeve jack for audio output. Lower-level output is provided by a number of GPIO pins, which support common protocols like I²C. The B-models have an 8P8C Ethernet port and the Pi 3 and Pi Zero W have on-board Wi-Fi 802.11n and Bluetooth. Prices range from US$5 to $35.

The first generation (Raspberry Pi 1 Model B) was released in February 2012, followed by the simpler and cheaper Model A. In 2014, the Foundation released a board with an improved design, Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+. These boards are approximately credit-card sized and represent the standard mainline form-factor. Improved A+ and B+ models were released a year later. A "Compute Module" was released in April 2014 for embedded applications. The Raspberry Pi 2, which added more random-access memory, was released in February 2015.

A Raspberry Pi Zero with smaller size and reduced input/output (I/O) and general-purpose input/output (GPIO) capabilities was released in November 2015 for US$5. By 2017, it became the newest mainline Raspberry Pi. On 28 February 2017, the Raspberry Pi Zero W was launched, a version of the Zero with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, for US$10.[13][14] On 12 January 2018, the Raspberry Pi Zero WH was launched, a version of the Zero W with pre-soldered GPIO headers.[15]

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B was released in February 2016 with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad core processor, on-board WiFi, Bluetooth and USB boot capabilities.[16] On Pi Day 2018 the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ was launched with a faster 1.4 GHz processor and a three-times faster gigabit Ethernet (throughput limited to ca. 300 Mbit/s by the internal USB 2.0 connection) or 2.4 / 5 GHz dual-band Wi-Fi (100 Mbit/s).[10] Other features are Power over Ethernet (PoE), USB boot and network boot (an SD card is no longer required).

FamilyModelForm FactorEthernetWirelessGPIOReleasedDiscontinued
Raspberry Pi 1BStandard

(85.60 × 56.5 mm)

YesNo26-pin2012Yes
ANo2013Yes
B+Yes40-pin2014
A+Compact

(65 × 56.5 mm)

No2014
Raspberry Pi 2BStandardYesNo2015
Raspberry Pi ZeroZeroZero

(65 × 30 mm)

NoNo2015
W/WHYes2017
Raspberry Pi 3BStandardYesYes2016
A+CompactNo2018
B+StandardYes2018

Hardware

The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature variations in memory capacity and peripheral-device support.

This block diagram describes Model B and B+; Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero are similar, but lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC). On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the USB/Ethernet chip contains a five-port USB hub, of which four ports are available, while the Pi 1 Model B only provides two. On the Pi Zero, the USB port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB (OTG) port.

{{clear|left}}

Processor

The Broadcom BCM2835 SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi[23] includes a 700 MHz ARM11 76JZF-S processor, VideoCore IV graphics processing unit (GPU),[17] and RAM. It has a level 1 (L1) cache of 16 KB and a level 2 (L2) cache of 128 KB. The level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. The 1176JZ(F)-S is the same CPU used in the original iPhone,[18] although at a higher clock rate, and mated with a much faster GPU.

The earlier V1.1 model of the Raspberry Pi 2 used a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with a 900 MHz 32-bit, quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache.[19] The Raspberry Pi 2 V1.2 was upgraded to a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor,[20] the same SoC which is used on the Raspberry Pi 3, but underclocked (by default) to the same 900 MHz CPU clock speed as the V1.1. The BCM2836 SoC is no longer in production as of late 2016.

The Raspberry Pi 3+ uses a Broadcom BCM2837B0 SoC with a 1.4 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.[10]

Performance

While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi provided a real-world performance roughly equivalent to 0.041 GFLOPS.[21][22] On the CPU level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium II of 1997–99. The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance. The graphical capabilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the performance of the Xbox of 2001.

Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 included a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz and 1 GB RAM. It was described as 4–6 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU was identical to the original.[19] In parallelised benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 V1.1 could be up to 14 times faster than a Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+.[23]

The Raspberry Pi 3, with a quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor, is described as having ten times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1.[24] This was suggested{{by whom|date=January 2019}} to be highly dependent upon task threading and instruction set use.{{cn|date=January 2019}} Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelised tasks.[25]

Overclocking

Most Raspberry Pi systems-on-chip could be overclocked to 800 MHz, and some to 1000 MHz. There are reports the Raspberry Pi 2 can be similarly overclocked, in extreme cases, even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety features and over-voltage limitations). In the Raspbian Linux distro the overclocking options on boot can be done by a software command running "sudo raspi-config" without voiding the warranty.[35] In those cases the Pi automatically shuts the overclocking down if the chip temperature reaches {{convert|85|C|F}}, but it is possible to override automatic over-voltage and overclocking settings (voiding the warranty); an appropriately sized heat sink is needed to protect the chip from serious overheating.

Newer versions of the firmware contain the option to choose between five overclock ("turbo") presets that when used, attempt to maximise the performance of the SoC without impairing the lifetime of the board. This is done by monitoring the core temperature of the chip and the CPU load, and dynamically adjusting clock speeds and the core voltage. When the demand is low on the CPU or it is running too hot the performance is throttled, but if the CPU has much to do and the chip's temperature is acceptable, performance is temporarily increased with clock speeds of up to 1 GHz, depending on the board version and on which of the turbo settings is used.

The seven overclock presets are:

  • none; 700 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz SDRAM, 0 overvolting
  • modest; 800 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 400 MHz SDRAM, 0 overvolting,
  • medium; 900 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz SDRAM, 2 overvolting,
  • high; 950 MHz ARM, 250 MHz core, 450 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolting,
  • turbo; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 600 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolting,
  • Pi 2; 1000 MHz ARM, 500 MHz core, 500 MHz SDRAM, 2 overvolting,
  • Pi 3; 1100 MHz ARM, 550 MHz core, 500 MHz SDRAM, 6 overvolting. In system information the CPU speed will appear as 1200 MHz. When idling, speed lowers to 600 MHz.[26][27]

In the highest (turbo) preset the SDRAM clock was originally 500 MHz, but this was later changed to 600 MHz because 500 MHz sometimes causes SD card corruption. Simultaneously in high mode the core clock speed was lowered from 450 to 250 MHz, and in medium mode from 333 to 250 MHz.

The Raspberry Pi Zero runs at 1 GHz.

The CPU on the first and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not require cooling, such as a heat sink or fan, even when overclocked, but the Raspberry Pi 3 may generate more heat when overclocked.[28]

RAM

On the older beta Model B boards, 128 MB was allocated by default to the GPU, leaving 128 MB for the CPU.[29] On the first 256 MB release Model B (and Model A), three different splits were possible. The default split was 192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, but probably not for both together. 224 MB was for Linux only, with only a 1080p framebuffer, and was likely to fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D, possibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC).[30] Comparatively the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV.[31]

For the later Model B with 512 MB RAM, new standard memory split files (arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) were initially released for 256 MB, 384 MB and 496 MB CPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB video RAM) respectively. But a week or so later the RPF released a new version of start.elf that could read a new entry in config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU, so the older method of memory splits became obsolete, and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 MB and 512 MB Raspberry Pis.[32]

The Raspberry Pi 2 and the Raspberry Pi 3 have 1 GB of RAM.[33][34] The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W have 512 MB of RAM.

Networking

The Model A, A+ and Pi Zero have no Ethernet circuitry and are commonly connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On the {{nowrap|Model B and B+}} the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip.[45] The Raspberry Pi 3 and Pi Zero W (wireless) are equipped with 2.4 GHz WiFi 802.11n {{nowrap|(150 Mbit/s)}} and Bluetooth 4.1 {{nowrap|(24 Mbit/s)}} based on the Broadcom BCM43438 FullMAC chip with no official support for monitor mode but implemented through unofficial firmware patching[35] and the Pi 3 also has a 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet port. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ features dual-band IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac WiFi, Bluetooth 4.2, and Gigabit Ethernet (limited to approximately 300 Mbit/s by the USB 2.0 bus between it and the SoC).

Special-purpose features

The Pi Zero can be used as a USB device or "USB gadget", plugged into another computer via a USB port on another machine. It can be configured in multiple ways, for example to show up as a serial device or an ethernet device.[36] Although originally requiring software patches, this was added into the mainline Raspbian distribution in May 2016.[36]

The Pi 3 can boot from USB, such as from a flash drive.[37] Because of firmware limitations in other models, the Pi 3 is the only board that can do this.

Peripherals

The Raspberry Pi may be operated with any generic USB computer keyboard and mouse.[50] It may also be used with USB storage, USB to MIDI converters, and virtually any other device/component with USB capabilities.

Other peripherals can be attached through the various pins and connectors on the surface of the Raspberry Pi.[38]

Video

The video controller can generate standard modern TV resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions as well as older NTSC or PAL standard CRT TV resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom overclocking) it can support the following resolutions: 640×350 EGA; 640×480 VGA; 800×600 SVGA; 1024×768 XGA; 1280×720 720p HDTV; 1280×768 WXGA variant; 1280×800 WXGA variant; 1280×1024 SXGA; 1366×768 WXGA variant; 1400×1050 SXGA+; 1600×1200 UXGA; 1680×1050 WXGA+; 1920×1080 1080p HDTV; 1920×1200 WUXGA.[39]

Higher resolutions, up to 2048×1152, may work[40][41] or even 3840×2160 at 15 Hz (too low a frame rate for convincing video).[42] Note also that allowing the highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decode video formats at these resolutions; in fact, the Pis are known to not work reliably for H.265 (at those high resolutions), commonly used for very high resolutions (however, most common formats up to Full HD do work).

Although the Raspberry Pi 3 does not have H.265 decoding hardware, the CPU is more powerful than its predecessors, potentially fast enough to allow the decoding of H.265-encoded videos in software.[43] The GPU in the Raspberry Pi 3 runs at higher clock frequencies of 300 MHz or 400 MHz, compared to previous versions which ran at 250 MHz.[44]

The Raspberry Pis can also generate 576i and 480i composite video signals, as used on old-style (CRT) TV screens and less-expensive monitors through standard connectors{{snd}}either RCA or 3.5 mm phono connector depending on model. The television signal standards supported are PAL-BGHID, PAL-M, PAL-N, NTSC and NTSC-J.[45]

Real-time clock

None of the current Raspberry Pi models have a built-in real-time clock, so they are unable to keep track of the time of day independently. Instead, a program running on the Pi can retrieve the time from a network time server or from user input at boot time, thus knowing the time while powered on. To provide consistency of time for the file system, the Pi automatically saves the current system time on shutdown, and re-loads that time at boot.

A real-time hardware clock with battery backup, such as the DS1307, may be added (often via the I²C interface). Note however that this conflicts with the camera's CSI interface, effectively disabling the camera.

Specifications

>
VersionModel AModel BCompute Module*Zero
RPi 1 Model ARPi 1 Model A+RPi 3 Model A+RPi 1 Model BRPi 1 Model B+RPi 2 Model BRPi 2 Model B v1.2RPi 3 Model BRPi 3 Model B+Compute Module 1Compute Module 3Compute Module 3 liteCompute Module 3+RPi Zero PCB v1.2RPi Zero PCB v1.3RPi Zero W
Release date February 2013[46] November 2014[47]November 2018 April–June 2012 July 2014[48] February 2015[19] October 2016[49] February 2016[24] 14 March 2018[10] April 2014[50][51]January 2017[68]January 2019[52] November 2015[53] May 201628 February 2017
Target price (USD) $25[46] $20[47]$25 $35[54] $25[55]$35 $30 (in batches of 100)[56] $30$25$5[53] $10
Instruction setARMv6Z (32-bit)ARMv8 (64-bit)ARMv6Z (32-bit) ARMv7-A (32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)ARMv6Z (32-bit)ARMv8-A (64/32-bit)ARMv6Z (32-bit)
SoCBroadcom BCM2835[57]Broadcom BCM2837B0[10]Broadcom BCM2835[57] Broadcom BCM2836Broadcom BCM2837Broadcom BCM2837B0[10]Broadcom BCM2835[56]Broadcom BCM2837Broadcom BCM2837B0Broadcom BCM2835
FPUVFPv2; NEON not supportedVFPv4 + NEONVFPv2; NEON not supportedVFPv3 + NEONVFPv4 + NEONVFPv2; NEON not supportedVFPv4 + NEONVFPv2; NEON not supported
CPU1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz 4× Cortex-A7 900 MHz 4× Cortex-A53 900 MHz 4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz 4× Cortex-A53 1.4 GHz 1× ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz4× Cortex-A53 1.2 GHz1× ARM1176JZF-S 1 GHz
GPUBroadcom VideoCore IV @ {{nowrap|250 MHz}} (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ {{nowrap|300 MHz}}, video part of GPU @ {{nowrap|400 MHz}})[58][59]
OpenGL ES 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 GFLOPS / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS)
MPEG-2 and VC-1 (with license),[85] 1080p30 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC high-profile decoder and encoder[57] (BCM2837: 1080p60)
Memory (SDRAM)256 MB (shared with GPU)512 MB (shared with GPU) as of 4 May 2016. Older boards had 256 MB (shared with GPU)[60]1 GB (shared with GPU)512 MB (shared with GPU)1 GB (shared with GPU)512 MB (shared with GPU)
USB 2.0 ports[61]1 (direct from BCM2835 chip)1 (direct from BCM2837B0

chip)

 2 (via on-board 3-port USB hub)[62]4 (via on-board 5-port USB hub)[63][48][64] 1 (direct from BCM2835 chip)1 (direct from BCM2837 chip)1 Micro-USB (direct from BCM2835 chip)
Video input15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera[65]2× MIPI camera interface (CSI)[56][95][66]NoneMIPI camera interface (CSI)[67]
Video outputs HDMI (rev 1.3) composite video (RCA jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panelsHDMI (rev 1.3), composite video (3.5 mm TRRS jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels HDMI (rev 1.3), composite video (RCA jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panelsHDMI (rev 1.3), composite video (3.5 mm TRRS jack), MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panelsHDMI, 2× MIPI display interface (DSI) for raw LCD panels,[56][66][68][69] composite video[70][71]Mini-HDMI, 1080p60,[53] composite video via marked points on PCB for optional header pins[72]
Audio inputsAs of revision 2 boards via I²S[73]
Audio outputsAnalog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI and, as of revision 2 boards, I²SAnalog, HDMI, I²SMini-HDMI, stereo audio through PWM on GPIO
On-board storage[61] SD, MMC, SDIO card slot (3.3 V with card power only)MicroSDHC slot[48] SD, MMC, SDIO card slotMicroSDHC slotMicroSDHC slot, USB Boot Mode[74]4 GB eMMC flash memory chip[56]MicroSDHC
On-board network[61]None[75]2.4 GHz and 5 GHz IEE 802.11.b/g/n/ac wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.2/BLE10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet (8P8C) USB adapter on the USB hub[62] 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet,
802.11b/g/n single band 2.4 GHz wireless,
Bluetooth 4.1 BLE		 10/100/1000 Mbit/s Ethernet[64] (real speed max 300 Mbit/s[76]),
802.11b/g/n/ac dual band 2.4/5 GHz wireless,
Bluetooth 4.2 LS BLE		None802.11b/g/n single band 2.4 GHz wireless,
Bluetooth 4.1 BLE
Low-level peripherals 8× GPIO[77] plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio[78] +3.3 V, +5 V, ground[58][79]
17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus 8× GPIO plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio +3.3 V, +5 V, ground.

An additional 4× GPIO are available on the P5 pad if the user is willing to make solder connections

17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus46× GPIO, some of which can be used for specific functions including I²C, SPI, UART, PCM, PWM[80]17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus[53]
Power ratings 300 mA (1.5 W)[81] 200 mA (1 W)[82] 700 mA (3.5 W) 200 mA (1 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[83]220 mA (1.1 W) average when idle, 820 mA (4.1 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[83] 300 mA (1.5 W) average when idle, 1.34 A (6.7 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)[83] 459 mA (2.295 W) average when idle, 1.13 A (5.661 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)[84] 200 mA (1 W)700 mA (3.5 W)100 mA (0.5 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[83]
Power source5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header
Size85.60|×|56.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}, excluding protruding connectors65|×|56.5|×|10|mm|in|abbr=on}}, same as HAT board65 mm x 56.5 mm{{convert|85.60|×|56.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}, excluding protruding connectors{{convert|85.60|×|56.5|×|17[85]|mm|in|abbr=on}}67.6|×|30|mm|in|abbr=on}}{{convert|67.6|×|31|mm|in|abbr=on}}{{convert|65|x|30|x|5|mm|in|abbr=on}}
Weight31|g|oz|abbr=on}}23|g|oz|abbr=on}}{{convert|45|g|oz|abbr=on}}{{convert|7|g|oz|abbr=on}}[86]{{convert|9|g|oz|abbr=on}}[87]
ConsoleAdding a USB network interface via tethering[75] or a serial cable with optional GPIO power connector[88]
Generation 1 1 +3+ 1 1 + 2 2 ver 1.2 3 3+ 1 3 3 lite 3+ lite PCB ver 1.2 PCB ver 1.3 W (wireless)
Obsolescence

Statement

n/an/ain production until at least January 2023n/an/an/an/an/ain production until at least January 2023n/an/an/aCM3+ will remain in production until at least January 2026n/a, or see PCB ver 1.3Zero is currently stated as being not before January 2022n/a
TypeModel AModel BCompute Module*Zero
* all interfaces are via 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM connector.

Connectors

{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}

Pi Zero

{{col-break}}

Model A

{{col-break}}

Model B

{{col-break}}{{col-end}}

General purpose input-output (GPIO) connector

Raspberry Pi 1 Models A+ and B+, Pi 2 Model B, Pi 3 Models  A+, B and B+, and Pi Zero and Zero W GPIO J8 have a 40-pin pinout.[89][90] Raspberry Pi 1 Models A and B have only the first 26 pins.[91][92][93]

GPIO# 2nd func. Pin# Pin# 2nd func. GPIO#
+3.3 V12 +5 V
2 SDA1 (I²C)34 +5 V
3 SCL1 (I²C)56 GND
4 GCLK78 TXD0 (UART) 14
GND910 RXD0 (UART) 15
17 GEN01112 GEN1 18
27 GEN21314 GND
22 GEN31516 GEN4 23
+3.3 V1718 GEN5 24
10 MOSI (SPI)1920 GND
9 MISO (SPI)2122 GEN6 25
11 SCLK (SPI)2324 CE0_N (SPI) 8
GND2526 CE1_N (SPI) 7
(Pi 1 Models A and B stop here)
EEPROM ID_SD2728 ID_SC EEPROM
5 N/A2930 GND
6 N/A3132 12
13 N/A3334 GND
19 N/A3536 N/A 16
26 N/A3738 Digital IN 20
GND3940 Digital OUT 21

Model B rev. 2 also has a pad (called P5 on the board and P6 on the schematics) of 8 pins offering access to an additional 4 GPIO connections.[94]

Function 2nd func. Pin# Pin# 2nd func. Function
+5 V12 +3.3 V
GPIO28 GPIO_GEN734 GPIO_GEN8 GPIO29
GPIO30 GPIO_GEN956 GPIO_GEN10 GPIO31
GND78 GND

Models A and B provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 16. Models A+ and B+ provide GPIO access to the ACT status LED using GPIO 47, and the power status LED using GPIO 35.

Accessories

  • Gertboard – A Raspberry Pi Foundation sanctioned device, designed for educational purposes, that expands the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to allow interface with and control of LEDs, switches, analog signals, sensors and other devices. It also includes an optional Arduino compatible controller to interface with the Pi.[95]
  • Camera – On 14 May 2013, the foundation and the distributors RS Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi camera board alongside a firmware update to accommodate it.[96] The camera board is shipped with a flexible flat cable that plugs into the CSI connector which is located between the Ethernet and HDMI ports. In Raspbian, the user must enable the use of the camera board by running Raspi-config and selecting the camera option. The camera module costs €20 in Europe (9 September 2013).[142] It can produce 1080p, 720p and 640x480p video. The dimensions are {{nowrap|25 mm × 20 mm × 9 mm}}.[97] In May 2016, v2 of the camera came out, and is an 8 megapixel camera.
  • Infrared Camera – In October 2013, the foundation announced that they would begin producing a camera module without an infrared filter, called the Pi NoIR.[98]
  • Official Display – On 8 September 2015, The foundation and the distributors RS Components & Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi Touch Display[99]
  • HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards{{snd}}Together with the Model B+, inspired by the Arduino shield boards, the interface for HAT boards was devised by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Each HAT board carries a small EEPROM (typically a CAT24C32WI-GT3)[100] containing the relevant details of the board,[101] so that the Raspberry Pi's OS is informed of the HAT, and the technical details of it, relevant to the OS using the HAT.[102] Mechanical details of a HAT board, which uses the four mounting holes in their rectangular formation, are available online.[103][104]

Software

Operating systems

The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides Raspbian, a Debian-based Linux distribution for download, as well as third-party Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS, and specialised media centre distributions.[105] It promotes Python and Scratch as the main programming languages, with support for many other languages.[106] The default firmware is closed source, while an unofficial open source is available.[107][108][109] Many other operating systems can also run on the Raspberry Pi, including the formally verified microkernel, seL4.[110] Other third-party operating systems available via the official website include Ubuntu MATE, Windows 10 IoT Core, RISC OS and specialised distributions for the Kodi media centre and classroom management.[111]

Other operating systems (not Linux-based)
  • Broadcom VCOS – Proprietary operating system which includes an abstraction layer designed to integrate with existing kernels, such as ThreadX (which is used on the VideoCore4 processor), providing drivers and middleware for application development. In case of Raspberry Pi this includes an application to start the ARM processor(s) and provide the publicly documented API over a mailbox interface, serving as its firmware. An incomplete source of a Linux port of VCOS is available as part of the reference graphics driver published by Broadcom.[112]
  • RISC OS Pi (a special cut down version RISC OS Pico, for 16 MB cards and larger for all models of Pi 1 & 2, has also been made available.)
  • FreeBSD[113][114]
  • NetBSD[115][116]
  • OpenBSD (only on 64-bit platforms, such as Raspberry Pi 3)[117]
  • Plan 9 from Bell Labs[118][119] and Inferno[120] (in beta)
  • Windows 10 IoT Core – a no-cost edition of Windows 10 offered by Microsoft that runs natively on the Raspberry Pi 2.[121]
  • Haiku – an open source BeOS clone that has been compiled for the Raspberry Pi and several other ARM boards.[122] Work on Pi 1 began in 2011, but only the Pi 2 will be supported.{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}}
  • HelenOS – a portable microkernel-based multiserver operating system; has basic Raspberry Pi support since version 0.6.0[123]
Other operating systems (Linux-based)
  • Android Things – an embedded version of the Android operating system designed for IoT device development.
  • Arch Linux ARM – a port of Arch Linux for ARM processors.
  • openSUSE[124]
  • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2[125]
  • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP3 (Commercial support)[125]
  • Gentoo Linux[126]
  • Lubuntu[127]
  • Xubuntu[127]
  • Devuan
  • CentOS for Raspberry Pi 2 and later
  • RedSleeve (a RHEL port) for Raspberry Pi 1
  • Slackware ARM – version 13.37 and later runs on the Raspberry Pi without modification.[128][129][130][131] The 128–496 MB of available memory on the Raspberry Pi is at least twice the minimum requirement of 64 MB needed to run Slackware Linux on an ARM or i386 system.[132] (Whereas the majority of Linux systems boot into a graphical user interface, Slackware's default user environment is the textual shell / command line interface.[133]) The Fluxbox window manager running under the X Window System requires an additional 48 MB of RAM.[134]
  • Kali Linux – a Debian-derived distro designed for digital forensics and penetration testing.
  • SolydXK – a light Debian-derived distro with Xfce.
  • Ark OS – designed for website and email self-hosting.
  • Sailfish OS with Raspberry Pi 2 (due to use ARM Cortex-A7 CPU; Raspberry Pi 1 uses different ARMv6 architecture and Sailfish requires ARMv7.)[135]
  • Tiny Core Linux – a minimal Linux operating system focused on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK. Designed to run primarily in RAM.
  • Alpine Linux – a Linux distribution based on musl and BusyBox, primarily designed for "power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency".
  • Void Linux – a rolling release Linux distribution which was designed and implemented from scratch, provides images based on musl or glibc.
  • Fedora – supports Pi 2 and later since Fedora 25 (Pi 1 is supported by some unofficial derivatives, e.g. listed here.).
NameFocusKernelUserSpaceModel AModel BCompute Module*Zero
1 1 +3 1 1 + 2 2 ver 1.2 3 3+ 1 3 3 lite PCB ver 1.2 PCB ver 1.3 W (wireless)
OpenWrt Networking Linux GNU/Debian {{yes}}[136] {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{yes}}[137] {{yes}}[138] {{yes}}[139] {{dunno}} {{partial}}[140] {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{dunno}} {{partial}}[141]

Driver APIs

{{See also|VideoCore#Linux support}}

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded into the GPU at boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was closed source.[142] This part of the driver code was later released.[191] However, much of the actual driver work is done using the closed source GPU code. Application software makes calls to closed source run-time libraries (OpenMax, OpenGL ES or OpenVG), which in turn call an open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is specific for these closed libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX, {{nowrap|3D applications}} use OpenGL ES and {{nowrap|2D applications}} use OpenVG, which both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX and EGL use the open source kernel driver in turn.[143]

Firmware

The official firmware is a freely redistributable[144] binary blob, that is closed-source.[122] A minimal proof-of-concept open source firmware is also available, mainly aimed at initializing and starting the ARM cores as well as performing minimal startup that is required on the ARM side. It is also capable of booting a very minimal Linux kernel, with patches to remove the dependency on the mailbox interface being responsive. It is known to work on Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3, as well as some variants of Raspberry Pi Zero. While it is in a working state, it is not actively developed, with last significant commits made around mid-2017.[145]

Third party application software

  • AstroPrint – AstroPrint's wireless 3D printing software can be run on the Pi 2.[146]
  • C/C++ Interpreter Ch – Released 3 January 2017, C/C++ interpreter Ch and Embedded Ch are released free for non-commercial use for Raspberry Pi, ChIDE is also included for the beginners to learn C/C++.[147]
  • Mathematica & the Wolfram Language – Since 21 November 2013, Raspbian includes a full installation of this proprietary software for free.[148][149][150] {{As of|2015|8|24}}, the version is Mathematica 10.2.[151] Programs can be run either from a command line interface or from a Notebook interface. There are Wolfram Language functions for accessing connected devices.[152] There is also a Wolfram Language desktop development kit allowing development for Raspberry Pi in Mathematica from desktop machines, including features from the loaded Mathematica version such as image processing and machine learning.[153][154][155]
  • Minecraft – Released 11 February 2013, a modified version that allows players to directly alter the world with computer code.[156]
  • RealVNC – Since 28 September 2016, Raspbian includes RealVNC's remote access server and viewer software.[157][158][159] This includes a new capture technology which allows directly-rendered content (e.g. Minecraft, camera preview and omxplayer) as well as non-X11 applications to be viewed and controlled remotely.[160][161]
  • UserGate Web Filter – On 20 September 2013, Florida-based security vendor Entensys announced porting UserGate Web Filter to Raspberry Pi platform.[162]
  • Steam Link – On 13 December 2018, Valve released official Steam Link game streaming client for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 3 B+.[163][164]

Software development tools

  • Arduino IDE – for programming an Arduino.
  • Algoid – for teaching programming to children and beginners.
  • BlueJ – for teaching Java to beginners.
  • Greenfoot – Greenfoot teaches object orientation with Java. Create 'actors' which live in 'worlds' to build games, simulations, and other graphical programs.
  • Julia – an interactive and cross-platform programming language/environment, that runs on the Pi 1 and later.[165] IDEs for Julia, such as Juno, are available. See also Pi-specific Github repository JuliaBerry.
  • Lazarus – a Free Pascal RAD IDE resembling Delphi
  • LiveCode – an educational RAD IDE descended from HyperCard using English-like language to write event-handlers for WYSIWYG widgets runnable on desktop, mobile and Raspberry Pi platforms.
  • Ninja-IDE – a cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE) for Python.
  • Object Pascal[166] – an object oriented variant (the one used in Delphi and Lazarus) of Niklaus Wirth's original Pascal language. Free Pascal is the compiler in Lazarus
  • Processing – an IDE built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.
  • Scratch – a cross platform teaching IDE using visual blocks that stack like Lego, originally developed by MIT's Life Long Kindergarten group. The Pi version is very heavily optimised[167] for the limited compute resources available and is implemented in the Squeak Smalltalk system. The latest version compatible with The 2 B is 1.6.
  • Squeak Smalltalk – a full scale open Smalltalk.
  • TensorFlow – an artificial intelligence framework developed by Google. The Raspberry Pi Foundation worked with Google to simplify the installation process through pre-built binaries.[168]
  • V-Play Game Engine – a cross-platform development framework that supports mobile game and app development with the V-Play Game Engine, V-Play apps and V-Play plugins.
  • Xojo – a cross-platform RAD tool that can create desktop, web and console apps for Pi 2 and Pi 3.
  • C-STEM Studio – a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.

Reception and use

Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project in May 2011 as a "potential {{nowrap|BBC Micro 2.0}}", not by replacing {{nowrap|PC compatible}} machines but by supplementing them.[169] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed the BBC Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[170] Alex Hope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful that the computer will engage children with the excitement of programming.[171] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested that the BBC could be involved in building support for the device, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.[172] Chris Williams, writing in The Register sees the inclusion of programming languages such as Kids Ruby, Scratch and BASIC as a "good start" to equip children with the skills needed in the future – although it remains to be seen how effective their use will be.[223] The Centre for Computing History strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project, feeling that it could "usher in a new era".[224] Before release, the board was showcased by ARM's CEO Warren East at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to improve UK science and technology education.[173]

Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using tools such as Google App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather than adding new hardware choices.[174] Simon Rockman, writing in a ZDNet blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do", despite what happened in the 1980s.[175]

In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year award,[176] and futurist Mark Pesce cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration for his ambient device project MooresCloud.[177] In October 2012, the British Computer Society reacted to the announcement of enhanced specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want to sink our teeth into."[178]

In February 2015, a switched-mode power supply chip, designated U16, of the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.1 (the initially released version) was found to be vulnerable to flashes of light,[179] particularly the light from xenon camera flashes and green[180] and red laser pointers. However, other bright lights, particularly ones that are on continuously, were found to have no effect. The symptom was the Raspberry Pi 2 spontaneously rebooting or turning off when these lights were flashed at the chip. Initially, some users and commenters suspected that the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) from the xenon flash tube was causing the problem by interfering with the computer's digital circuitry, but this was ruled out by tests where the light was either blocked by a card or aimed at the other side of the Raspberry Pi 2, both of which did not cause a problem. The problem was narrowed down to the U16 chip by covering first the system on a chip (main processor) and then U16 with Blu-Tack (an opaque poster mounting compound). Light being the sole culprit, instead of EMP, was further confirmed by the laser pointer tests,[180] where it was also found that less opaque covering was needed to shield against the laser pointers than to shield against the xenon flashes.[179] The U16 chip seems to be bare silicon without a plastic cover (i.e. a chip-scale package or wafer-level package), which would, if present, block the light. Unofficial workarounds include covering U16 with opaque material (such as electrical tape,[179][180] lacquer, poster mounting compound, or even balled-up bread[179]), putting the Raspberry Pi 2 in a case,[180] and avoiding taking photos of the top side of the board with a xenon flash. This issue was not caught before the release of the Raspberry Pi 2 because while commercial electronic devices are routinely subjected to tests of susceptibility to radio interference, it is not standard or common practice to test their susceptibility to optical interference.[179]

In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert Award.[181] The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was "for its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are redefining how people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn coding and computer science and providing innovative control solutions for industry."[182]

Community

The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie Ayre of FLOSS software company AdaCore as one of the most exciting parts of the project.[242] Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and teaching.[242] The community developed a fanzine around the platform called The MagPi[183] which in 2015, was handed over to the Raspberry Pi Foundation by its volunteers to be continued in-house.[184] A series of community Raspberry Jam events have been held across the UK and around the world.[185]

Use in education

{{As of|January 2012}}, enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[247] The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to enhance her employment prospects.[186][187]

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources for its website.[188] The Foundation also started a teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in the classroom.[189]

In 2018, NASA launched the JPL Open Source Rover Project, which is a scaled down of Curiosity rover and uses a Raspberry Pi as the control module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in mechanical, software, electronics, and robotics engineering.[190]

Use in home automation

There are a number of developers and applications that are leveraging the Raspberry Pi for home automation. These programmers are making an effort to modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy monitoring and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of the Raspberry Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to the more expensive commercial solutions.[191]

Use in industrial automation

In June 2014, Polish industrial automation manufacturer TECHBASE released ModBerry, an industrial computer based on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module. The device has a number of interfaces, most notably RS-485/232 serial ports, digital and analogue inputs/outputs, CAN and economical 1-Wire buses, all of which are widely used in the automation industry. The design allows the use of the Compute Module in harsh industrial environments, leading to the conclusion that the Raspberry Pi is no longer limited to home and science projects, but can be widely used as an Industrial IoT solution and achieve goals of Industry 4.0.[192]

In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.[193]

Use in commercial products

OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was successfully crowd-funded in a May 2014 Kickstarter campaign.[194]

Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Compute Module as its heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The software running on Slice is based on Kodi.[195]

Astro Pi

A project was launched in December 2014 at an event held by the UK Space Agency. The Astro Pi competition was officially opened in January and was opened to all primary and secondary school aged children who were residents of the United Kingdom. During his mission, British ESA astronaut Tim Peake deployed the computers on board the International Space Station.[196] He loaded the winning code while in orbit, collected the data generated and then sent this to Earth where it was distributed to the winning teams. Covered themes during the competition included Spacecraft Sensors, Satellite Imaging, Space Measurements, Data Fusion and Space Radiation.

The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition include the UK Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi, ESERO-UK and ESA.

History

{{Prose|section|date=February 2015}}

In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schematics and PCB layout are publicly available.[197] Foundation trustee Eben Upton assembled a group of teachers, academics and computer enthusiasts to devise a computer to inspire children.[198] The computer is inspired by Acorn's BBC Micro of 1981.[199][200] The Model A, Model B and Model B+ names are references to the original models of the British educational BBC Micro computer, developed by Acorn Computers.[201] The first ARM prototype version of the computer was mounted in a package the same size as a USB memory stick.[202] It had a USB port on one end and an HDMI port on the other.

The Foundation's goal was to offer two versions, priced at US$25 and $35. They started accepting orders for the higher priced Model B on 29 February 2012,[203] the lower cost Model A on 4 February 2013.[204] and the even lower cost (US$20) A+ on 10 November 2014.[47] On 26 November 2015, the cheapest Raspberry Pi yet, the Raspberry Pi Zero, was launched at US$5 or £4.[205]

Pre-launch

  • {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|df=y|2011|07}}|event=Trustee Eben Upton publicly approached the RISC OS Open community in July 2011 to enquire about assistance with a port.[206] Adrian Lees at Broadcom has since worked on the port,[207][208] with his work being cited in a discussion regarding the graphics drivers.[209] This port is now included in NOOBS.}}
  • August 2011 – 50 alpha boards are manufactured. These boards were functionally identical to the planned Model B,[210] but they were physically larger to accommodate debug headers. Demonstrations of the board showed it running the LXDE desktop on Debian, Quake 3 at 1080p,[211] and Full HD MPEG-4 video over HDMI.[212]
  • October 2011 – A version of {{nowraplinks|RISC OS 5}} was demonstrated in public, and following a year of development the port was released for general consumption in November 2012.[213][214][215][216]
  • December 2011 – Twenty-five Model B Beta boards were assembled and tested[217] from one hundred unpopulated PCBs.[218] The component layout of the Beta boards was the same as on production boards. A single error was discovered in the board design where some pins on the CPU were not held high; it was fixed for the first production run.[219] The Beta boards were demonstrated booting Linux, playing a 1080p movie trailer and the Rightware Samurai OpenGL ES benchmark.[220]
  • Early 2012 – During the first week of the year, the first 10 boards were put up for auction on eBay.[221][222] One was bought anonymously and donated to the museum at The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, England.[223][224] The ten boards (with a total retail price of £220) together raised over £16,000,[225] with the last to be auctioned, serial number No. 01, raising £3,500.[226] In advance of the anticipated launch at the end of February 2012, the Foundation's servers struggled to cope with the load placed by watchers repeatedly refreshing their browsers.[227]

Launch

  • 19 February 2012 – The first proof of concept SD card image that could be loaded onto an SD card to produce a preliminary operating system is released. The image was based on Debian 6.0 (Squeeze), with the LXDE desktop and the Midori browser, plus various programming tools. The image also runs on QEMU allowing the Raspberry Pi to be emulated on various other platforms.[228][229]
  • 29 February 2012 – Initial sales commence 29 February 2012[230] at 06:00 UTC;. At the same time, it was announced that the model A, originally to have had 128 MB of RAM, was to be upgraded to 256 MB before release.[203] The Foundation's website also announced: "Six years after the project's inception, we're nearly at the end of our first run of development – although it's just the beginning of the Raspberry Pi story."[231] The web-shops of the two licensed manufacturers selling Raspberry Pi's within the United Kingdom, Premier Farnell and RS Components, had their websites stalled by heavy web traffic immediately after the launch (RS Components briefly going down completely).[232][233] Unconfirmed reports suggested that there were over two million expressions of interest or pre-orders.[234] The official Raspberry Pi Twitter account reported that Premier Farnell sold out within a few minutes of the initial launch, while RS Components took over 100,000 pre orders on day one.[203] Manufacturers were reported in March 2012 to be taking a "healthy number" of pre-orders.[235]
  • March 2012 – Shipping delays for the first batch were announced in March 2012, as the result of installation of an incorrect Ethernet port,[236][237] but the Foundation expected that manufacturing quantities of future batches could be increased with little difficulty if required.[238] "We have ensured we can get them [the Ethernet connectors with magnetics] in large numbers and Premier Farnell and RS Components [the two distributors] have been fantastic at helping to source components," Upton said. The first batch of 10,000 boards was manufactured in Taiwan and China.[239][240]
  • 8 March 2012 – Release Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, the recommended Linux distribution,[241] developed at Seneca College in Canada.[242]
  • March 2012 – The Debian port is initiated by Mike Thompson, former CTO of Atomz. The effort was largely carried out by Thompson and Peter Green, a volunteer Debian developer, with some support from the Foundation, who tested the resulting binaries that the two produced during the early stages (neither Thompson nor Green had physical access to the hardware, as boards were not widely accessible at the time due to demand).[243] While the preliminary proof of concept image distributed by the Foundation before launch was also Debian-based, it differed from Thompson and Green's Raspbian effort in a couple of ways. The POC image was based on then-stable Debian Squeeze, while Raspbian aimed to track then-upcoming Debian Wheezy packages.[229] Aside from the updated packages that would come with the new release, Wheezy was also set to introduce the armhf architecture,[244] which became the raison d'être for the Raspbian effort. The Squeeze-based POC image was limited to the armel architecture, which was, at the time of Squeeze's release, the latest attempt by the Debian project to have Debian run on the newest ARM embedded-application binary interface (EABI).[245] The armhf architecture in Wheezy intended to make Debian run on the ARM VFP hardware floating-point unit, while armel was limited to emulating floating point operations in software.[246][247] Since the Raspberry Pi included a VFP, being able to make use of the hardware unit would result in performance gains and reduced power use for floating point operations.[243] The armhf effort in mainline Debian, however, was orthogonal to the work surrounding the Pi and only intended to allow Debian to run on ARMv7 at a minimum, which would mean the Pi, an ARMv6 device, would not benefit.[244] As a result, Thompson and Green set out to build the 19,000 Debian packages for the device using a custom build cluster.[243]

Post-launch

  • 16 April 2012 – Reports appear from the first buyers who had received their Raspberry Pi.[248][249]
  • 20 April 2012 – The schematics for the Model A and Model B are released.[250]
  • 18 May 2012 – The Foundation reported on its blog about a prototype camera module they had tested.[251] The prototype used a {{nowrap|14-megapixel}} module.
  • 22 May 2012 – Over 20,000 units had been shipped.[252]
  • July 2012 – Release of Raspbian.[253]
  • 16 July 2012 – It was announced that 4,000 units were being manufactured per day, allowing Raspberry Pis to be bought in bulk.[254][255]
  • 24 August 2012 – Hardware accelerated video (H.264) encoding becomes available after it became known that the existing license also covered encoding. Formerly it was thought that encoding would be added with the release of the announced camera module.[256][257] However, no stable software exists for hardware H.264 encoding.[258] At the same time the Foundation released two additional codecs that can be bought separately, MPEG-2 and Microsoft's VC-1. Also it was announced that the Pi will implement CEC, enabling it to be controlled with the television's remote control.[259]
  • 5 September 2012 – The Foundation announced a second revision of the Raspberry Pi Model B.[260] A revision 2.0 board is announced, with a number of minor corrections and improvements.[261]
  • 6 September 2012 – Announcement that in future the bulk of Raspberry Pi units would be manufactured in the UK, at Sony's manufacturing facility in Pencoed, Wales. The Foundation estimated that the plant would produce 30,000 units per month, and would create about 30 new jobs.[262][263]
  • 15 October 2012 – It is announced that new Raspberry Pi Model Bs are to be fitted with 512 MB instead of 256 MB RAM.[264]
  • 24 October 2012 – The Foundation announces that "all of the VideoCore driver code which runs on the ARM" had been released as free software under a BSD-style license, making it "the first ARM-based multimedia SoC with {{Sic|hide=y|fully|-}}functional, vendor-provided (as opposed to partial, reverse engineered) fully open-source drivers", although this claim has not been universally accepted.[265] On 28 February 2014, they also announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics core, and a complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license[335][336]
  • October 2012 – It was reported that some customers of one of the two main distributors had been waiting more than six months for their orders. This was reported to be due to difficulties in sourcing the CPU and conservative sales forecasting by this distributor.[266]
  • 17 December 2012 – The Foundation, in collaboration with IndieCity and Velocix, opens the Pi Store, as a "one-stop shop for all your Raspberry Pi (software) needs". Using an application included in Raspbian, users can browse through several categories and download what they want. Software can also be uploaded for moderation and release.[267]
  • 3 June 2013 – 'New Out of Box Software or NOOBS is introduced. This makes the Raspberry Pi easier to use by simplifying the installation of an operating system. Instead of using specific software to prepare an SD card, a file is unzipped and the contents copied over to a FAT formatted (4 GB or bigger) SD card. That card can then be booted on the Raspberry Pi and a choice of six operating systems is presented for installation on the card. The system also contains a recovery partition that allows for the quick restoration of the installed OS, tools to modify the config.txt and an online help button and web browser which directs to the Raspberry Pi Forums.[268]
  • October 2013 – The Foundation announces that the one millionth Pi had been manufactured in the United Kingdom.[269]
  • November 2013: they announce that the two millionth Pi shipped between 24 and 31 October.[270]
  • 28 February 2014 – On the day of the second anniversary of the Raspberry Pi, Broadcom, together with the Raspberry Pi foundation, announced the release of full documentation for the VideoCore IV graphics core,{{clarify|date=May 2014}} and a complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.[271][272]
{{Anchor|Compute module}}
  • 7 April 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Compute Module, a device in a 200-pin DDR2 SO-DIMM-configured memory module (though not in any way compatible with such RAM), intended for consumer electronics designers to use as the core of their own products.[56]
  • June 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog mentioned that the three millionth Pi shipped in early May 2014.[273]
  • 14 July 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Model B+, "the final evolution of the original Raspberry Pi. For the same price as the original Raspberry Pi model B, but incorporating numerous small improvements people have been asking for".[48]
  • 10 November 2014 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi Model A+.[47] It is the smallest and cheapest {{nowrap|(US$20)}} Raspberry Pi so far and has the same processor and RAM as the Model A. Like the A, it has no Ethernet port, and only one USB port, but does have the other innovations of the B+, like lower power, micro-SD-card slot, and 40-pin HAT compatible GPIO.
  • 2 February 2015 – The official Raspberry Pi blog announced the Raspberry Pi 2. Looking like a Model B+, it has a 900 MHz quad-core ARMv7 Cortex-A7 CPU, twice the memory (for a total of 1 GB) and complete compatibility with the original generation of Raspberry Pis.[274]
  • 14 May 2015 – The price of Model B+ was decreased from US$35 to $25, purportedly as a "side effect of the production optimizations" from the Pi 2 development.[275] Industry observers have skeptically noted, however, that the price drop appeared to be a direct response to the CHIP, a lower-priced competitor discontinued in April 2017.[276]
  • 26 November 2015 – The Raspberry Pi Foundation launched the Raspberry Pi Zero, the smallest and cheapest member of the Raspberry Pi family yet, at 65 mm × 30 mm, and US$5. The Zero is similar to the Model A+ without camera and LCD connectors, while smaller and uses less power. It was given away with the Raspberry Pi magazine Magpi No. 40 that was distributed in the UK and US that day{{snd}} the MagPi was sold out at almost every retailer internationally due to the freebie.[53]
  • 29 February 2016 – Raspberry Pi 3 with a BCM2837 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad processor based on the ARMv8 Cortex-A53, with built-in Wi-Fi BCM43438 802.11n 2.4 GHz and Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy (BLE). Starting with a 32-bit Raspbian version, with a 64-bit version later to come if "there is value in moving to 64-bit mode". In the same announcement it was said that a new BCM2837 based Compute Module was expected to be introduced a few months later.[277]
  • February 2016 – The Raspberry Pi Foundation announces that they had sold eight million devices (for all models combined), making it the best-selling UK personal computer, ahead of the Amstrad PCW.[278][279] Sales reached ten million in September 2016.[280]
  • 25 April 2016 – Raspberry Pi Camera v2.1 announced with 8 Mpixels, in normal and NoIR (can receive IR) versions. The camera uses the Sony IMX219 chip with a resolution of {{nowrap|3280 × 2464}}. To make use of the new resolution the software has to be updated.[281]
  • 10 October 2016 – NEC Display Solutions announces that select models of commercial displays to be released in early 2017 will incorporate a Raspberry Pi 3 Compute Module.[282]
  • 14 October 2016 – Raspberry Pi Foundation announces their co-operation with NEC Display Solutions. They expect that the Raspberry Pi 3 Compute Module will be available to the general public by the end of 2016.[283]
  • 25 November 2016 – 11 million units sold.[284]
  • 16 January 2017 – Compute Module 3 and Compute Module 3 Lite are launched.[285]
  • 28 February 2017 – Raspberry Pi Zero W with WiFi and Bluetooth via chip scale antennas launched.[286][287]
  • 14 March 2018 – On Pi Day, Raspberry Pi Foundation introduced Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ with improvements in the Raspberry PI 3B computers performance, updated version of the Broadcom application processor, better wireless Wi-Fi and Bluetooth performance and addition of the 5GHz band.[288]
  • 15 November 2018 – Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ launched.[289]
  • 28 January 2019 – Compute Module 3+ (CM3+/Lite, CM3+/8GB, CM3+/16GB and CM3+/32GB) launched.[52]

See also

{{Portal|Computing|Electronics}}
  • Comparison of single-board computers

References

1. ^{{cite web |title= Raspberry Pi 3 is out now! Specs, Benchmarks & More |date= 1 April 2016 |publisher= The MagPi Magazine |url= https://www.raspberrypi.org/magpi/raspberry-pi-3-specs-benchmarks/}}
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176. ^{{cite web|title=Raspberry Pi – Innovation of the Year|url=http://awards.t3.com/categories/innovation-of-the-year/raspberry-pi|publisher=T3 Gadget Awards|accessdate=9 October 2012}}
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180. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://hackaday.com/2015/02/08/photonic-reset-of-the-raspberry-pi-2/ |title=Photonic Reset of the Raspberry Pi 2 |publisher=Hackaday |date=8 February 2015 |accessdate=8 February 2015 |author=Benchoff, Brian}}
181. ^"Chips that changed the classroom" Ingenia, September 2017
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183. ^{{cite web|url=http://thedigitallifestyle.com/w/index.php/2012/05/06/the-magpi-raspberry-pi-online-magazine-launched/|title=The MagPi – Raspberry Pi online magazine launched|work=The Digital Lifestyle.com|accessdate=16 September 2014}}
184. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/all-change-meet-the-new-magpi/|title=All change – meet the new MagPi|work=Raspberry Pi|accessdate=15 March 2015}}
185. ^{{cite web|title=Raspberry Jam|url=http://raspberrypi.org.uk/jam/|work=Raspberry Pi web|accessdate=15 March 2015}}
186. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/mar/05/raspberry-pi-demand |title=Raspberry Pi demand running at '700 per second' |work=The Guardian |date=5 March 2012 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |author=Arthur, Charles |location=London}}
187. ^{{cite news|title=Raspberry Pi mini computer sells out after taking 700 orders per second|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/raspberry-pi-mini-computer-sells-out-after-taking-700-orders-per-second/|accessdate=9 June 2012|newspaper=Digital Trends}}
188. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/welcome-to-our-new-website/ |title=Welcome to our new website |publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation |date=2 April 2014 |accessdate=15 March 2015 |author=Upton, Liz |location=Cambridge}}
189. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/picademy-free-cpd-for-teachers/ |title=Picademy – free CPD for teachers |publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation |date=17 March 2014 |accessdate=15 March 2015 |author=Philbin, Carrie Anne |location=Cambridge}}
190. ^{{cite web|url=https://github.com/nasa-jpl/open-source-rover|title=nasa-jpl/open-source-rover|website=GitHub}}
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198. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/jan/09/raspberry-pi-computer-revolutionise-computing-schools?newsfeed=true |title=Raspberry Pi device will 'reboot computing in schools' |work=The Guardian |date=9 January 2012 |accessdate=20 January 2012 |author=Moorhead, Joanna |location=London}}
199. ^{{cite web|title=Raspberry Pi • View topic – Raspberry Pi as the successor of BBC Micro |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=5118 |date=22 April 2012|accessdate=12 June 2013 |publisher=raspberrypi.org |quote=The Foundation trustees tried very hard to get an agreement to use the BBC Micro name, right up to May 2011. /../ Eben touched on the subject a bit during his speech at the Beeb@30 celebration at the beginning of the month: http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/970 starting at time index 11:30}}
200. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweekly.co.uk/blog/cambridge-today-tony-quested/13664-raspberry-blown-at-cambridge-software-detractors |title=Raspberry blown at Cambridge software detractors |work=Business Weekly |date=29 February 2012 |accessdate=13 March 2012 |author= Quested, Tony}}
201. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/28/raspberry_pi/page3.html |title=Psst, kid... Wanna learn how to hack? |work=The Register |date=28 November 2011 |accessdate=24 December 2011 |author=Williams, Chris}}
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203. ^1 2 Richard Lawler, 29 February 2012, [https://www.engadget.com/2012/02/29/raspberry-pi-credit-card-sized-linux-pcs-are-on-sale-now-25-mo/ Raspberry Pi credit-card sized Linux PCs are on sale now, $25 Model A gets a RAM bump], Engadget
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207. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.riscoscode.com/Pages/Item0113.html |title=Raspberry Pi To Embrace RISC OS |work=RISCOScode |date=31 October 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |author=Hansen, Martin}}
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209. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=63&t=1942 |title=GPU binary blob question |publisher=Raspberry Pi |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |author=JamesH}}
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211. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_mDuJuvZjI&list=UUhmozgJ0cqX8Gx7676ZQ4ig&feature=plcp|title=Raspberry Pi YouTube Channel|accessdate=28 August 2011}}
212. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgR74Kp6Ws4|title=Full HD video demo at TransferSummit Oxford|accessdate=12 September 2011}}
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218. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/389|title=We have PCBs!|accessdate=16 September 2014}}
219. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/470|title=More on the beta boards|accessdate=16 September 2014}}
220. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/431|title=Bringing up a beta board|accessdate=16 September 2014}}
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222. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/01/03/raspberry_pi_auction/ |title=That Brit-built £22 computer: Yours for just £1,900 or more |work=The Register |date=3 January 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2012 |author=Williams, Chris}}
223. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/news/16944/ |title=One of the First Raspberry Pi Computers Donated to Museum |publisher=The Centre for Computing History |date=9 January 2012 |accessdate=28 February 2012}}
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225. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.co.uk/csc/raspberry_pi/m.html?LH_Complete=1&_ipg=50&_since=15&_sop=13&_rdc=1 |title=eBay list of items sold by Raspberry Pi ''(retrieved 13 January 2012)'' |publisher=Ebay.co.uk |accessdate=6 May 2012}}
226. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Raspberry-Pi-Model-B-beta-board-01-limited-series-10-/180786868894?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_3&hash=item2a17bcb29e |title=Raspberry Pi Model B beta board – No. 01 of a limited series of 10 |publisher=Ebay.co.uk |date=11 January 2012 |accessdate=6 May 2012}}
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229. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/645 |title=Getting ready for launch: first root filesystem available for download |publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation |date=17 February 2012 |accessdate=16 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220040851/http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/645 |archivedate=20 February 2012}}
230. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17190918 |title=The Raspberry Pi £22 computer goes on general sale |work=BBC News|date=29 February 2012 |accessdate=29 February 2012}}
231. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article2954870.ece |title=Low-cost mini-PC Raspberry Pi gets heavily booked |work=The Hindu |date=2 March 2012 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |author=Subramanian, Karthik |location=Chennai, India}}
232. ^{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2012/02/raspberry-pi-retailers-toppled-by-demand-as-35-linux-computer-launches.ars |title=Raspberry Pi retailers toppled by demand as $35 Linux computer launches |work=Ars Technica |date=29 February 2012 |accessdate=29 February 2012 |author=Paul, Ryan}}
233. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/mar/04/raspberry-pi-schools-computer-science |title=The Raspberry Pi can help schools get with the programme |work=The Observer |date=4 March 2012 |accessdate=12 March 2012 |author=Naughton, John |location=London}}
234. ^{{cite web| url=http://elinux.org/RPi_Buying_Guide#Q:_Couldn.27t_this_have_been_handled_better.2C_I_couldn.27t_get_on_the_site_to_order_and_they_sold_too_quickly.3F |title=Raspberry Pi Buying Guide |publisher=Elinux.org |accessdate=6 May 2012}}
235. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/open-source-insider/2012/03/community-strength-blossoms-for-raspberry-pi.html |title=Community strength blossoms for Raspberry Pi |work=Computer Weekly |date=15 March 2012 |accessdate=15 March 2012 |author=Bridgwater, Adrian}}
236. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/781 |title=Manufacturing hiccup |publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation |date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2012 |author=Upton, Liz}}
237. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/311738/20120309/raspberry-pi-delayed.htm |title=Raspberry Pi £22 Computer Delayed Due to 'Manufacturing Hiccup' |work=International Business Times |date=9 March 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2012 |author=Gilbert, David}}
238. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/313480/20120313/eben-upton-raspberry-pi-founder-interview.htm |title=Interview with Eben Upton – Raspberry Pi Founder |work=International Business Times |date=13 March 2012 |accessdate=19 March 2012 |author=Gilbert, David}}
239. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.tax-news.com/news/Raspberry_Pi_Balks_At_UK_Tax_Regime____53494.html |title=Raspberry Pi Balks at UK Tax Regime |work=Tax-News.com |date=17 January 2012 |accessdate=20 January 2012 |author=Lee, Robert}}
240. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/finance/news/content/11318/uk_computing_charity_manufacturing_product_abroad |title=UK computing charity opts to manufacture product abroad |accessdate=20 January 2012 |author=Weakley, Kirsty |publisher=Civil Society Media}}
241. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/805 |title=Raspberry Pi Fedora Remix, our recommended distro, is ready for download! |publisher=Raspberrypi.org |date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=22 June 2012}}
242. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/02/23/technology-raspberry-pi-cheap-computer.html |title=$35 computer 'Raspberry Pi' readies for launch |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |location=Canada |date=24 February 2012 |accessdate=28 February 2012 |author=Chung, Emily}}
243. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/03/how-two-volunteers-built-the-raspberry-pis-operating-system/|title=How two volunteers built the Raspberry Pi's operating system|last1=Brodkin|first1=Jon|date=6 March 2013|website=Ars Technica|series=Technology Lab / Information Technology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526080805/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/03/how-two-volunteers-built-the-raspberry-pis-operating-system/|archivedate=26 May 2013|deadurl=no|accessdate=17 July 2012}}
244. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://wiki.debian.org/ArmHardFloatPort|title=ArmHardFloatPort|date=20 August 2012|website=Debian Wiki|publisher=Debian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521001958/http://wiki.debian.org/ArmHardFloatPort|archivedate=21 May 2013|deadurl=no|accessdate=17 July 2012}}
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246. ^{{cite web|url=https://blogs.oracle.com/jtc/entry/is_it_armhf_or_armel|title=Is it armhf or armel?|last1=Connors|first1=Jim|date=16 March 2013|website=Jim Connors' Weblog|publisher=Oracle Blogs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509055247/https://blogs.oracle.com/jtc/entry/is_it_armhf_or_armel|archivedate=9 May 2013|deadurl=no|accessdate=17 July 2012}}
247. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.debian.org/ArmHardFloatPort/VfpComparison|title=ArmHardFloatPort VfpComparison|date=27 April 2011|website=Debian Wiki|publisher=Debian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201051458/http://wiki.debian.org/ArmHardFloatPort/VfpComparison|archivedate=1 February 2013|deadurl=no|accessdate=17 July 2012}}
248. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/general-discussion/delivery |title=the first reports of forum members reporting they received their Raspberry Pi |publisher=Raspberrypi.org |date=16 April 2012 |accessdate=6 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418222146/http://www.raspberrypi.org/forum/general-discussion/delivery |archivedate=18 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
249. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/16/raspberry-pi-begins-shipping/ |title=Raspberry Pi boards begin shipping today (video) |work=Engadget |accessdate= 6 May 2012}}
250. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1090 |title=schematic design, applicable for both version A and B of the Raspberry Pi revision 1.0 |publisher=Raspberrypi.org |date=19 April 2012 |accessdate=6 May 2012}}
251. ^{{cite web|title=CAMERA MODULE – FIRST PICTURES!|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/camera-module-first-pictures/|accessdate=9 August 2014}}
252. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1298 |title=Add your Raspberry Pi to the Rastrack map |publisher= Raspberrypi.org |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=14 June 2012}}
253. ^{{cite news|last=Owano|first=Nancy|title=Raspberry Pi gets customized OS called Raspbian|url=http://phys.org/news/2012-07-raspberry-pi-customized-os-raspbian.html|accessdate=5 September 2012|newspaper=PhysOrg|date=18 July 2012}}
254. ^{{cite news|title=Raspberry Pi lifts sale restrictions, open to bulk buyers|url=http://www.electronista.com/articles/12/07/16/rs.farnell.manufacturing.4000.raspberry.pis.per.day/|accessdate=29 August 2012|newspaper=Electronista|publisher=Macintosh News Network|date=16 July 2012}}
255. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1588 |title=Want to buy more than one Raspberry Pi? Now you can! |publisher= Raspberrypi.org |date=16 July 2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}
256. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=2886 |publisher=raspberrypi.org |title=Hardware-assisted H.264 video encoding |date=7 February 2012}}
257. ^{{cite web|last=Jurczak |first=Paul |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=43&t=6120 |title=Raspberry Pi camera module |publisher=Raspberrypi.org |accessdate=15 October 2012}}
258. ^{{cite web |url=http://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/3936/what-speed-can-i-expect-from-the-hardware-h264-encoding |title=H.264 Hardware encoding performance}}
259. ^1 {{cite web |title = New video features! MPEG-2 and VC-1 decode, H.264 encode, CEC |publisher = Raspberry Pi Foundation |url = http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1839 |accessdate= 26 August 2012}}
260. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1929 |title=Upcoming board revision |publisher= Raspberrypi.org |date=6 September 2012 |accessdate=5 September 2012}}
261. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1929 |title=board revision for rev 2.0 |publisher=Raspberrypi.org |date=5 September 2012 |accessdate=15 October 2012}}
262. ^{{cite news|last=Dunn|first=John E|title=Raspberry Pi resurrects UK computer industry with new jobs|url=http://www.computerworlduk.com/news/open-source/3379912/raspberry-pi-resurrests-uk-computer-industry-with-new-jobs/|accessdate=13 September 2012|newspaper=Computerworld UK|date=7 September 2012}}
263. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/1925 |title=Made in the UK! |publisher= Raspberrypi.org |date=6 September 2012 |accessdate=6 September 2012}}
264. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/2180|title=Model B now ships with 512 MB of RAM|publisher=Raspberrypi.org|accessdate=15 October 2012}}
265. ^1 {{cite web|title=Raspberry Pi maker says code for ARM chip is now open source|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/10/all-code-on-raspberry-pis-arm-chip-now-open-source/|work=Ars Technica|accessdate=3 November 2012}}
266. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.zdnet.com/raspberry-pi-delivery-delays-leave-buyers-hungry-and-angry-7000005919/ |title=Raspberry Pi delivery delays leave buyers hungry (and angry) |publisher=ZDNet |date=18 October 2012 |accessdate=18 October 2012 |author=Shead, Sam}}
267. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/2768 |title=Introducing the Pi Store |publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation |date=17 December 2012}}
268. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/4100 |title=Introducing the New Out of Box Software (NOOBS) |publisher=RPF |date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=4 June 2013 |author=Upton, Liz}}
269. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24435809 |title=Baked in Britain, the millionth Raspberry Pi |publisher=BBC |accessdate=8 October 2013}}
270. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/archives/5265 |title=Two Million! |accessdate=18 November 2013}}
271. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Brodkin |first1=Jon |title=Raspberry Pi marks 2nd birthday with plan for open source graphics driver |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/02/raspberry-pi-marks-2nd-birthday-with-plan-for-open-source-graphics-driver/ |publisher=Ars Technica |accessdate=27 July 2014 |date=28 February 2014}}
272. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Upton |first1=Eben |title=A birthday present from Broadcom |url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/a-birthday-present-from-broadcom/ |publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation |accessdate=27 July 2014 |date=28 February 2014}}
273. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/raspberry-pi-at-buckingham-palace-3-million-sold/ |title=RASPBERRY PI AT BUCKINGHAM PALACE, 3 MILLION SOLD |accessdate=22 June 2014}}
274. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raspberrypi.org/raspberry-pi-2-on-sale |title=Raspberry Pi 2 on sale now at $35 Raspberry Pi |accessdate=3 February 2015}}
275. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/price-cut-raspberry-pi-model-b-now-only-25/|title=Price cut! Raspberry Pi Model B+ now only $25|date=14 May 2015|accessdate=19 May 2015}}
276. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.itpro.co.uk/desktop-hardware/24587/raspberry-pi-slashes-price-after-rival-launches-on-kickstarter|title=Raspberry Pi slashes price after rival launches on Kickstarter|date=18 May 2015|accessdate=19 May 2015}}
277. ^{{Cite web| url = https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-3-on-sale/| title= Raspberry Pi 3 available| last = Upton| first= Eben| date = 29 February 2016| publisher = Raspberry Pi Foundation| access-date= 1 March 2016}}
278. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/feb/29/raspberry-pi-3-launch-computer-uk-bestselling|title=Raspberry Pi 3: the credit card-sized 1.2 GHz PC that costs $35|author=Alex Hern|work=The Guardian}}
279. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-3-on-sale/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229072534/https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-3-on-sale/|title=Raspberry Pi 3 on sale now at $35|archivedate=29 February 2016|work=Raspberry Pi}}
280. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/ten-millionth-raspberry-pi-new-kit/|title=Ten millionth Raspberry Pi, and a new kit – Raspberry Pi|date=8 September 2016|quote=we've beaten our wildest dreams by three orders of magnitude|access-date=9 September 2016}}
281. ^{{cite web|title=New 8-megapixel camera board on sale at $25 |date=25 April 2016 |accessdate=6 May 2016 |url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/new-8-megapixel-camera-board-sale-25/ |quote=both visible-light and infrared cameras based on the Sony IMX219 8-megapixel sensor, at the same low price of $25. They're available today from our partners RS Components and element14}}
282. ^{{Cite web| url = https://www.nec-display-solutions.com/p/hq/en/news/dp/Products/Shared/News/2016/PressReleases/Company/RaspberryPi/RaspberryPi.xhtml| title= NEC Display Solutions announces collaboration with Raspberry Pi| date = 10 October 2016| publisher = NEC| access-date= 10 November 2016}}
283. ^{{Cite web| url = https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/compute-module-nec-display-near-you/| title= The Compute Module – now in an NEC display near you| last = Upton| first= Eben| date = 14 October 2016| publisher = Raspberry Pi Foundation| access-date= 10 November 2016}}
284. ^1 {{Citation| url = https://www.raspberrypi.org/magpi/issues/53/| title= The Mag Pi Magazine issue 53, Page 10| quote= On 25 November, it was confirmed that total sales of the Raspberry Pi have now topped 11 million.| publisher = Raspberry Pi Foundation}}
285. ^1 {{Citation| url = https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/compute-module-3-launch/| title = Compute Module 3 Launch| publisher = Raspberry Pi Foundation}}
286. ^{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/02/new-10-raspberry-pi-zero-comes-with-wi-fi-and-bluetooth/|title=New $10 Raspberry Pi Zero comes with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth|website=arstechnica.com}}
287. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-zero-w-joins-family/|title=New product! Raspberry Pi Zero W joins the family |date=28 February 2017|publisher=Raspberry Pi Foundation}}
288. ^{{cite news |date= 2018-03-14|title=Raspberry PI 3B+ on sale now |url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/raspberry-pi-3-model-bplus-sale-now-35// |access-date=2018-03-21 }}
289. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/new-product-raspberry-pi-3-model-a/|title=New product: Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ on sale now at $25 - Raspberry Pi|date=2018-11-15|work=Raspberry Pi|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en-GB}}

Further reading

  • Raspberry Pi For Dummies; Sean McManus and Mike Cook; 432 pages; 2013; {{ISBN|978-1118554210}}.
  • Getting Started with Raspberry Pi; Matt Richardson and Shawn Wallace; 176 pages; 2013; {{ISBN|978-1449344214}}.
  • Raspberry Pi User Guide; Eben Upton and Gareth Halfacree; 312 pages; 2014; {{ISBN|978-1118921661}}.
  • Hello Raspberry Pi!; Ryan Heitz; 320 pages; 2016; {{ISBN|978-1617292453}}.
  • Getting Started with Wolfram Language and Mathematica for Raspberry Pi; Agus Kurniawan; 73 pages; 2016; ISBN B01BON8NCI.

External links

{{Prone to spam|date=October 2012}}{{Z148}}{{Commons category}}
  • {{Official website|1=|name=Raspberry Pi Foundation official website and forums}}
  • [https://elinux.org/RaspberryPiBoard Raspberry Pi Wiki, supported by the RPF]
  • The MagPi newsletter
  • [https://www.panu.it/raspberry/ Raspberry Pi pinout]{{snd}} board GPIO pinout
  • Raspberry Pi component map
  • [https://elinux.org/RaspberryPi_Boards RaspberryPi Boards: Hardware versions/revisions]
  • ARM1176JZF-S (ARM11 CPU Core) Technical Reference Manual, ARM Holdings.
  • [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/ Raspberry Pi Forum Community]
{{Single-board computer}}{{Linux devices}}{{Authority control}}

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