请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Symbol (chemistry)
释义

  1. Symbols for chemical elements

  2. Symbols and names not currently used

     Pictographic symbols 

  3. Symbols for named isotopes

  4. Other symbols

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

In relation to the chemical elements, a symbol is a code for a chemical element.[1] Symbols for chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised. (Many functional groups have their own chemical symbol, e.g. Ph for the phenyl group, and Me for the methyl group.)

Earlier symbols for chemical elements stem from classical Latin and Greek vocabulary. For some elements, this is because the material was known in ancient times, while for others, the name is a more recent invention. For example, Pb is the symbol for lead (plumbum in Latin); Hg is the symbol for mercury (hydrargyrum in Greek); and He is the symbol for helium (a new Latin name) because helium was not known in ancient Roman times. Some symbols come from other sources, like W for tungsten (Wolfram in German) which was not known in Roman times.

A 3-letter temporary symbol may be assigned to a newly synthesized (or not-yet synthesized) element. For example, "Uno" was the temporary symbol for hassium (element 108) which had the temporary name of unniloctium, based on its atomic number being 8 greater than 100. There are also some historical symbols that are no longer officially used.

In addition to the letter(s) for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as superscripts or subscripts a particular isotope, ionization or oxidation state, or other atomic detail.[2] A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol.

Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions:

  • The nucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N). This number defines the specific isotope. Various letters, such as "m" and "f" may also be used here to indicate a nuclear isomer (e.g., 99mTc). Alternately, the number here can represent a specific spin state (e.g., 1O2). These details can be omitted if not relevant in a certain context.
  • The proton number (atomic number) may be indicated in the left subscript position (e.g., 64Gd). The atomic number is redundant to the chemical element, but is sometimes used to emphasize the change of numbers of nucleons in a nuclear reaction.
  • If necessary, a state of ionization or an excited state may be indicated in the right superscript position (e.g., state of ionization Ca2+).
  • The number of atoms of an element in a molecule or chemical compound is shown in the right subscript position (e.g., N2 or Fe2O3). If this number is one, it is normally omitted - the number one is implicitly understood if unspecified.
  • A radical is indicated by a dot on the right side (e.g., Cl• for a neutral chlorine atom). This is often omitted unless relevant to a certain context because it is already deducible from the charge and atomic number, as generally true for nonbonded valence electrons in skeletal structures.

In Chinese, each chemical element has a dedicated character, usually created for the purpose (see Chemical elements in East Asian languages). However, Latin symbols are also used, especially in formulas.

A list of current, dated, as well as proposed and historical signs and symbols is included here with its signification. Also given is each element's atomic number, atomic weight or the atomic mass of the most stable isotope, group and period numbers on the periodic table, and etymology of the symbol.

Hazard pictographs are another type of symbols used in chemistry.

Symbols for chemical elements

List of chemical elements
name=fn10SymbolElementOrigin of name[3][4]GroupPeriod[5][6] {{nowrap>1={{nobold|1=(u (±))
 
1 Hydrogen Greek elements hydro- and -gen, meaning 'water-forming' 1 1 001|1.008}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
2 Helium Greek hḗlios, 'sun' 18 1 004|4.002602(2)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}
3 Lithium Greek líthos, 'stone' 1 2 007|6.94}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}{{efn-ur|name=fn5}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
4 Beryllium beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India) 2 2 009|9.0121831(5)}}
5 Boron borax, a mineral (from Arabic bawraq) 13 2 011|10.81{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
6 Carbon Latin carbo, 'coal' 14 2 012|12.011{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
7 Nitrogen Greek nítron and -gen, meaning 'niter-forming' 15 2 014|14.007{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
8 Oxygen Greek oxy- and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming' 16 2 016|15.999{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
9 Fluorine Latin fluere, 'to flow' 17 2 019|18.998403163(6)}}
10 Neon Greek néon, 'new' 18 2 020|20.1797(6){{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}}}
11 Sodium English soda (the symbol Na is derived from New Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, 'natron') 1 3 023|22.98976928(2)}}
12 Magnesium Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 2 3 024|24.305}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
13 Aluminium alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis), 'bitter salt, alum' 13 3 027|26.9815384(3)}}
14 Silicon Latin silex, 'flint' (originally silicium) 14 3 028|28.085}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
15 Phosphorus Greek phōsphóros, 'light-bearing' 15 3 031|30.973761998(5)}}
16 Sulfur Latin sulphur, 'brimstone' 16 3 032|32.06}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
17 Chlorine Greek chlōrós, 'greenish yellow' 17 3 035|35.45}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
18 Argon Greek argós, 'idle' (because of its inertness) 18 3 040|39.948}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
19 Potassium New Latin potassa, 'potash' (the symbol K is derived from Latin kalium) 1 4 039|39.0983(1)}}
20 Calcium Latin calx, 'lime' 2 4 041|40.078(4)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}
21 Scandium Latin Scandia, 'Scandinavia' 3 4 045|44.955908(5)}}
22 Titanium Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology 4 4 048|47.867(1)}}
23 Vanadium Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 4 051|50.9415(1)}}
24 Chromium Greek chróma, 'colour' 6 4 052|51.9961(6)}}
25 Manganese corrupted from magnesia negra; see Magnesium 7 4 055|54.938043(2)}}
26 Iron English word (the symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum) 8 4 056|55.845(2)}}
27 Cobalt German Kobold, 'goblin' 9 4 059|58.933194(3)}}
28 Nickel Nickel, a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology 10 4 058|58.6934(4)}}
29 Copper English word, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros 'Cyprus' 11 4 064|63.546(3)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}
30 Zinc Most likely from German Zinke, 'prong' or 'tooth', though some suggest Persian sang, 'stone' 12 4 065|65.38(2)}}
31 Gallium Latin Gallia, 'France' 13 4 070|69.723(1)}}
32 Germanium Latin Germania, 'Germany' 14 4 073|72.630(8)}}
33 Arsenic French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón 'yellow arsenic' (influenced by arsenikós, 'masculine' or 'virile'), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka, 'golden' 15 4 075|74.921595(6)}}
34 Selenium Greek selḗnē, 'moon' 16 4 079|78.971(8)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}
35 Bromine Greek brômos, 'stench' 17 4 080|79.904}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9}}
36 Krypton Greek kryptós, 'hidden' 18 4 084|83.798(2)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}
37 Rubidium Latin rubidus, 'deep red' 1 5 085|85.4678(3)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}
38 Strontium Strontian, a village in Scotland 2 5 087|87.62(1)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}
39 Yttrium Ytterby, a village in Sweden 3 5 089|88.90584(1)}}
40 Zirconium zircon, a mineral 4 5 091|91.224(2)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}
41 Niobium Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology 5 5 093|92.90637(1)}}
42 Molybdenum Greek molýbdaina, 'piece of lead', from mólybdos, 'lead' 6 5 096|95.95(1)}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}
43 Technetium Greek tekhnētós, 'artificial' 7 5 098|[98]{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}}}
44 Ruthenium New Latin Ruthenia, 'Russia' 8 5 name=fn2}}
45 Rhodium Greek rhodóeis, 'rose-coloured', from rhódon, 'rose' 9 5 102.90549(2)
46 Palladium the asteroid Pallas, considered a planet at the time 10 5 name=fn2}}
47 Silver English word (The symbol derives from Latin argentum) 11 5 name=fn2}}
48 Cadmium New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos 12 5 name=fn2}}
49 Indium Latin indicum, 'indigo' (colour found in its spectrum) 13 5 114.818(1)
50 Tin English word (The symbol derives from Latin stannum) 14 5 name=fn2}}
51 Antimony Latin antimonium, the origin of which is uncertain: folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greek antí ('against') + mónos ('alone'), or Old French anti-moine, 'Monk's bane', but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, 'antimony', reformatted as a Latin word. (The symbol derives from Latin stibium 'stibnite'.) 15 5 name=fn2}}
52 Tellurium Latin tellus, 'the ground, earth' 16 5 name=fn2}}
53 Iodine French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, 'violet') 17 5 126.90447(3)
54 Xenon Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos 'strange' 18 5 name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3}}
55 Caesium Latin caesius, 'sky-blue' 1 6 132.90545196(6)
56 Barium Greek barýs, 'heavy' 2 6 137.327(7)
57 Lanthanum Greek lanthánein, 'to lie hidden' 3 6 name=fn2}}
58 Cerium the dwarf planet Ceres, considered a planet at the time 6 name=fn2}}
59 Praseodymium Greek prásios dídymos, 'green twin' 6 140.90766(1)
60 Neodymium Greek néos dídymos, 'new twin' 6 name=fn2}}
61 Promethium Prometheus of Greek mythology 6 145|[145]{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}}}
62 Samarium samarskite, a mineral named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official 6 name=fn2}}
63 Europium Europe 6 name=fn2}}
64 Gadolinium gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist 6 name=fn2}}
65 Terbium Ytterby, a village in Sweden 6 158.925354(8)
66 Dysprosium Greek dysprósitos, 'hard to get' 6 name=fn2}}
67 Holmium New Latin Holmia, 'Stockholm' 6 164.930328(7)
68 Erbium Ytterby, a village in Sweden 6 name=fn2}}
69 Thulium Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location 6 168.934218(6)
70 Ytterbium Ytterby, a village in Sweden 6 name=fn2}}
71 Lutetium Latin Lutetia, 'Paris' 6 name=fn2}}
72 Hafnium New Latin Hafnia, 'Copenhagen' (from Danish havn) 4 6 178.49(2)
73 Tantalum King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology 5 6 180.94788(2)
74 Tungsten Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (The symbol is from wolfram, the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite) 6 6 183.84(1)
75 Rhenium Latin Rhenus, 'the Rhine' 7 6 186.207(1)
76 Osmium Greek osmḗ, 'smell' 8 6 name=fn2}}
77 Iridium Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 192.217(2)
78 Platinum Spanish platina, 'little silver', from plata 'silver' 10 6 195.084(9)
79 Gold English word (The symbol derives from Latin aurum) 11 6 196.966570(4)
80 Mercury Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility (The symbol is from the element's Latin name hydrargyrum, derived from Greek hydrárgyros, 'water-silver') 12 6 200.592(3)
81 Thallium Greek thallós, 'green shoot or twig' 13 6 name=fn9}}
82 Lead English word (The symbol derives from Latin plumbum) 14 6 name=fn2}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4}}
83 Bismuth German Wismut, from weiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic 15 6 name=fn1}}
84 Polonium Latin Polonia, 'Poland' (the home country of Marie Curie) 16 6 209|[209]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
85 Astatine Greek ástatos, 'unstable' 17 6 210|[210]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
86 Radon radium 18 6 222|[222]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
87 Francium France 1 7 223|[223]{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}}}
88 Radium French radium, from Latin radius, 'ray' 2 7 226|[226]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
89 Actinium Greek aktís, 'ray' 3 7 227|[227]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
90 Thorium Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder 7 name=fn1}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2}}
91 Protactinium proto- (from Greek prôtos, 'first, before') + actinium, which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium 7 name=fn1}}
92 Uranium Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System 7 name=fn1}}
93 Neptunium Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System 7 237|[237]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
94 Plutonium the dwarf planet Pluto, considered the ninth planet in the Solar System at the time 7 244|[244]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
95 Americium The Americas, as the element was first synthesised on the continent, by analogy with europium 7 243|[243]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
96 Curium Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists 7 247|[247]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
97 Berkelium Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with terbium 7 247|[247]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
98 Californium California, where the element was first synthesised 7 251|[251]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
99 Einsteinium Albert Einstein, German physicist 7 252|[252]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
100 Fermium Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist 7 257|[257]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
101 Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist and inventor who proposed the periodic table 7 258|[258]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
102 Nobelium Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer 7 259|[259]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
103 Lawrencium Ernest O. Lawrence, American physicist 7 266|[266]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
104 Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford, British chemist and physicist 4 7 267|[267]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
105 Dubnium Dubna, Russia, where the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is located 5 7 268|[268]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
106 Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist 6 7 269|[269]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
107 Bohrium Niels Bohr, Danish physicist 7 7 270|[270]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
108 Hassium New Latin Hassia, 'Hesse' (a state in Germany) 8 7 270|[270]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
109 Meitnerium Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist 9 7 278|[278]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
110 Darmstadtium Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised 10 7 281|[281]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
111 Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist 11 7 282|[282]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
112 Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer 12 7 285|[285]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
113 Nihonium Japanese Nihon, 'Japan' (where the element was first synthesised) 13 7 286|[286]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
114 Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist 14 7 289|[289]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
115 Moscovium Moscow Oblast, Russia, where the element was first synthesised 15 7 290|[290]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
116 Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis 16 7 293|[293]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
117 Tennessine Tennessee, United States 17 7 294|[294]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}
118 Oganesson Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist 18 7 294|[294]}}{{efn-ur|name=fn1}}

Notes

{{notelist|group=upper-roman|refs=

{{efn-ur|name=fn1|The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, four such elements, bismuth, thorium, protactinium, and uranium, have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus their standard atomic weights are given.}}{{efn-ur|name=fn2|The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.}}{{efn-ur|name=fn3|The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.}}{{efn-ur|name=fn4|The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.}}{{efn-ur|name=fn5|The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996—analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.}}{{efn-ur|name=fn9|The value listed is the conventional atomic-weight value suitable for trade and commerce. The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample. Since 2009, IUPAC provides the standard atomic-weight values for these elements using the interval notation. The corresponding standard atomic weights are:
  • Hydrogen: [1.00784, 1.00811]
  • Lithium: [6.938, 6.997]
  • Boron: [10.806, 10.821]
  • Carbon: [12.0096, 12.0116]
  • Nitrogen: [14.00643, 14.00728]
  • Oxygen: [15.99903, 15.99977]
  • Magnesium: [24.304, 24.307]
  • Silicon: [28.084, 28.086]
  • Sulfur: [32.059, 32.076]
  • Chlorine: [35.446, 35.457]
  • Argon: [39.792, 39.963]
  • Bromine: [79.901, 79.907]
  • Thallium: [204.382, 204.385]}}
{{efn-ur|name=fn10|Z is the standard symbol for atomic number; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale.}}

}}

Antimatter atoms are denoted by a bar above the symbol for their matter counterpart, so e.g. H is the symbol for antihydrogen.

Symbols and names not currently used

{{More citations needed|section|date=May 2018}}

The following is a list of symbols and names formerly used or suggested for elements, including symbols for placeholder names and names given by discredited claimants for discovery.

Chemical symbolNameAtomic numberOrigin of symbolWhy not usedRefs
AArgon18A used for Argon until 1957. Current symbol is Ar. [7] [8]
AbAlabamine85Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. [9] [10]
AdAldebaranium70Former name for ytterbium. [9]
AmAlabamium85Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. The symbol is now used for americium.[9] [10]
AnAthenium99Proposed name for einsteinium. [11]
AoAusonium93Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium. [9] [10]
AzAzote7Former name for nitrogen. [7]
BoBoron5Current symbol is B. [7]
BvBrevium91Former name for protactinium. [7]
BzBerzelium90Baskerville wrongly believed berzelium to be a new element. Was actually thorium. [11] [12]
CbColumbium41Former name for niobium. [7] [10][12]
ChChromium24Current symbol is Cr. [7]
ClColumbium41Former name for niobium. The symbol is now used for chlorine. [7]
CnCarolinium90Baskerville wrongly believed carolinium to be a new element. Was actually thorium. The symbol is now used for copernicium. [12]
CpCassiopeium71Former name for lutetium. [7]
CpCopernicium112Current symbol is Cn. [7]
CtCeltium72Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. [9]
CtCenturium100Proposed name for fermium. [11]
DDidymium59/60Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element. [13]
DaDavyum43Discredited claim to discovery of technetium. [9] [10]
DbDubnium104Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 105. [7][11] [10]
DiDidymium59/60Mixture of the elements praseodymium and neodymium. Mosander wrongly believed didymium to be an element. [13]
DsDysprosium66Current symbol is Dy. The symbol is now used for darmstadtium. [7]
EEinsteinium99Current symbol is Es. [7]
EErbium68Current symbol is Er. [7]
EaEkaaluminium31Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction. [11][14]
EbEkaboron21Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction. [11][14] [10]
ElEkaaluminium31Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction. [11][14] [10]
EmEkamanganese43Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction. [11][14] [10]
EmEmanation86Also called "radium emanation", the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of radium). [7] [10]
EmEmanium89Alternate name formerly proposed for actinium. [11]
EsEkasilicon32Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. The symbol is now used for einsteinium. [11][14] [10]
EsEsperium94Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. The symbol is now used for einsteinium. [9] [10]
FaFrancium87Current symbol is Fr. [7]
FlFlorentium61Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for flerovium. [9]
FlFluorine9Current symbol is F. The symbol is now used for flerovium.[7]
FrFlorentium61Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. The symbol is now used for francium. [9] [10]
GGlucinium4Former name for beryllium. [7]
GlGlucinium4Former name for beryllium. [7] [10]
HaHahnium105Proposed name for dubnium. [11]
HnHahnium108Proposed name for hassium. [11] [10]
HvHelvetium85Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. [9] [12]
HyMercury80Hy from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver". Current symbol is Hg. [7] [8]
IIridium77Current symbol is Ir. The symbol is now used for iodine. [7]
IlIllinium61Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. [9] [10]
JJodium53Former name for iodine. [7]
JgJargonium72Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. [9] [10]
JlJoliotium105Proposed name for dubnium. [11] [10]
KaPotassium19Current symbol is K. [7]
KuKurchatovium104Proposed name for rutherfordium. [11] [10]
LLithium3Current symbol is Li. [7]
LwLawrencium103Current symbol is Lr. [7]
MMuriaticum17Former name for chlorine. [7]
MaManganese25Current symbol is Mn. [7]
MaMasurium43Disputed claim to discovery of technetium. [9] [10]
MdMendelevium97Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101. [7][11]
MlMoldavium87Discredited claim to discovery of francium. [9] [12]
MsMagnesium12Current symbol is Mg. [7]
MsMasurium43Disputed claim to discovery of technetium. [9]
MvMendelevium101Current symbol is Md. [7]
NgNorwegium72Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. [9]
NoNorium72Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. The symbol is now used for nobelium. [9]
NpNipponium43Discredited claim to discovery of technetium. The symbol is now used for neptunium. [9] [10]
NsNielsbohrium105Proposed name for dubnium. [11] [10]
NsNielsbohrium107Proposed name for bohrium. [11] [10]
NtNiton86Former name for radon. [7] [10]
NyNeoytterbium70Former name for ytterbium. [7]
PLead82Current symbol is Pb. The symbol is now used for phosphorus. [7]
PaPalladium46Current symbol is Pd. The symbol is now used for protactinium. [7]
PePelopium41Former name for niobium. [7]
PlPalladium46Current symbol is Pd. [7]
PoPotassium19Current symbol is K. The symbol is now used for polonium. [7]
RRhodium45Current symbol is Rh. [7]
RdRadium88Current symbol is Ra. [7]
RfRutherfordium106Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104. [7][11] [10]
RoRhodium45Current symbol is Rh. [7]
SaSamarium62Current symbol is Sm. [7] [10]
SoSodium11Current symbol is Na. [7]
StAntimony51Current symbol is Sb. [7]
StTin50Current symbol is Sn. [7]
TnTungsten74Current symbol is W. [7]
TrTerbium65Current symbol is Tb. [7]
TuThulium69Current symbol is Tm. [7]
TuTungsten74Current symbol is W. [7]
UnbUnnilbium102Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UneUnnilennium109Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UnhUnnilhexium106Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UnoUnniloctium108Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UnpUnnilpentium105Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UnqUnnilquadium104Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UnsUnnilseptium107Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UntUnniltrium103Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UnuUnnilunium101Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UubUnunbium112Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UuhUnunhexium116Temporary name given to livermorium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UunUnunnilium110Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UuoUnunoctium118Temporary name given to oganesson until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UupUnunpentium115Temporary name given to moscovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UuqUnunquadium114Temporary name given to flerovium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UusUnunseptium117Temporary name given to tennessine until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UutUnuntrium113Temporary name given to nihonium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UuuUnununium111Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. [14]
UrUranium92Current symbol is U. [7]
ViVirginium87Discredited claim to discovery of francium. [9] [10]
VmVirginium87Discredited claim to discovery of francium. [9] [10]
VaVanadium23Current symbol is V. [7]
WoTungsten74Current symbol is W. [7]
XXenon54Current symbol is Xe. The symbol is now used for halogens. [7]
YtYttrium39Current symbol is Y. [7] [10]

Pictographic symbols

The following is a list of pictographic symbols employed to symbolize elements known since ancient times (for example to the alchemists). Not included in this list are symbolic representations of substances previously called elements (such as certain rare earth mineral blends and the classical elements fire and water of ancient philosophy) which are known today to be multi-atomic. Also not included are symbolic representations currently used for elements in other languages such as the Chinese characters for elements. Modern alphabetic notation was introduced in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.

Chemical symbolOriginal nameModern nameAtomic numberOrigin of symbol
☉HydrogenHydrogen1Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⬤CarbonCarbon6Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⦶AzoteNitrogen7Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
◯OxygenOxygen8Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⦷SodaSodium11Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
⊛MagnesiumMagnesium12Alchemical symbol.
SulfurSulfur16Alchemical symbol.
PallasSulfur16Alchemical symbol.
🜍SulfurSulfur16Alchemical symbol.
ⴲSulfurSulfur16Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♂MarsIron26Alchemical symbol.
ⒾIronIron26Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
Stellae FixaeCopper29Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.
♀VenusCopper29Alchemical symbol.
CopperCopper29Alchemical symbol.
ⒸCopperCopper29Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
ⓏZincZinc30Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
ArsenicArsenic33Alchemical symbol.
🜺ArsenicArsenic33Alchemical symbol.
☽LunaSilver47Alchemical symbol.
🜛SilverSilver47Alchemical symbol.
ⓈSilverSilver47Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♃IupiterTin50Alchemical symbol.
♁AntimonyAntimony51Alchemical symbol.
☉☾PlatinumPlatinum78Alchemical symbol.
⛢UranusPlatinum78Alchemical symbol.
☼SolGold79Alchemical symbol from the 16th century.
☉SolGold79Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.
🜚GoldGold79Alchemical symbol.
♓PiscesMercury80Pre–16th-century alchemical symbol.
♆NeptunusMercury80Alchemical symbol from the 17th century.
☿MercuriusMercury80Alchemical symbol from 1700 through 1783.
♄SaturnusLead82Alchemical symbol circa 1783.
ⓁLeadLead82Daltonian symbol circa 1808.
♉TaurusBismuth83Alchemical symbol.

Symbols for named isotopes

The following is a list of isotopes of elements given in the previous tables which have been designated unique symbols. By this it is meant that a comprehensive list of current systematic symbols (in the uAtom form) are not included in the list and can instead be found in the Isotope index chart. The symbols for the named isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (D) and tritium (T) are still in use today, as is thoron (Tn) for radon-220 (though not actinon; An is usually used instead for a generic actinide). Heavy water and other deuterated solvents are commonly used in chemistry, and it is convenient to use a single character rather than a symbol with a subscript in these cases. The practice also continues with tritium compounds. When the name of the solvent is given, a lowercase d is sometimes used. For example, d6-benzene and C6D6 can be used instead of [2H6]C6H6.[15]

The symbols for isotopes of elements other than hydrogen and radon are no longer in use within the scientific community. Many of these symbols were designated during the early years of radiochemistry, and several isotopes (namely those in the actinium decay family, the radium decay family, and the thorium decay family) bear placeholder names using the early naming system devised by Ernest Rutherford.[16]

Chemical symbolNameAtomic numberOrigin of symbol
AcActinium89From the Greek aktinos. Name restricted at one time to 227Ac, an isotope of actinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 89.
AcAActinium A84From actinium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 215Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcBActinium B82From actinium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcCActinium C83From actinium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC'Actinium C'84From actinium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 211Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcC"Actinium C"81From actinium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 207Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcKActinium K87Name given at one time to 223Fr, an isotope of francium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AcUActino-uranium92Name given at one time to 235U, an isotope of uranium.
AcXActinium X88Name given at one time to 223Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of actinium.
AnActinon86From actinium and emanation. Name given at one time to 219Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of actinium.
DDeuterium1From the Greek deuteros. Name given to 2H.
IoIonium90Name given to 230Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
MsTh1Mesothorium 188Name given at one time to 228Ra, an isotope of radium.
MsTh2Mesothorium 289Name given at one time to 228Ac, an isotope of actinium.
PaProtactinium91From the Greek protos and actinium. Name restricted at one time to 231Pa, an isotope of protactinium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 91.
RaRadium88From the Latin radius. Name restricted at one time to 226Ra, an isotope of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 88.
RaARadium A84From radium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 218Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaBRadium B82From radium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaCRadium C83From radium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaC'Radium C'84From radium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 214Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaC"Radium C"81From radium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 210Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaDRadium D82From radium and D. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaERadium E83From radium and E. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaE"Radium E"81From radium and E". Placeholder name given at one time to 206Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RaFRadium F84From radium and F. Placeholder name given at one time to 210Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of radium.
RdAcRadioactinium90Name given at one time to 227Th, an isotope of thorium.
RdThRadiothorium90Name given at one time to 228Th, an isotope of thorium.
RnRadon86From radium and emanation. Name restricted at one time to 222Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of radium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 86 in 1923.
TTritium1From the Greek tritos. Name given to 3H.
ThThorium90After Thor. Name restricted at one time to 232Th, an isotope of thorium. This named isotope later became the official name for element 90.
ThAThorium A84From thorium and A. Placeholder name given at one time to 216Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThBThorium B82From thorium and B. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Pb, an isotope of lead identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThCThorium C83From thorium and C. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Bi, an isotope of bismuth identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThC'Thorium C'84From thorium and C'. Placeholder name given at one time to 212Po, an isotope of polonium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThC"Thorium C"81From thorium and C". Placeholder name given at one time to 208Tl, an isotope of thallium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
ThXThorium X88Name given at one time to 224Ra, an isotope of radium identified in the decay chain of thorium.
TnThoron86From thorium and emanation. Name given at one time to 220Rn, an isotope of radon identified in the decay chain of thorium.
UIUranium I92Name given at one time to 238U, an isotope of uranium.
UIIUranium II92Name given at one time to 234U, an isotope of uranium.
UX1Uranium X190Name given at one time to 234Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UX2Uranium X291Name given at one time to 234mPa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UYUranium Y90Name given at one time to 231Th, an isotope of thorium identified in the decay chain of uranium.
UZUranium Z91Name given at one time to 234Pa, an isotope of protactinium identified in the decay chain of uranium.

Other symbols

See also {{Section link|Skeletal formula|Pseudoelement symbols}}.

General:

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
  • A: A deprotonated acid or an anion
  • An: any actinide
  • B: A base, often in the context of Lewis acid–base theory or Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
  • E: any element or electrophile
  • L: any ligand
  • Ln: any lanthanide
  • M: any metal
  • Mm: mischmetall (occasionally used)[17]
  • Ng: any noble gas (Rg is sometimes used, but that is also used for the element roentgenium: see above)
  • Nu: any nucleophile
  • R: any unspecified radical (moiety) not important to the discussion
  • St: steel (occasionally used)
  • X: any halogen
{{colend}}

From organic chemistry:

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
  • Ac: acetyl – (also used for the element actinium: see above)
  • Ad: adamantyl
  • Ar: aryl – (also used for the element argon: see above)
  • Bn: benzyl
  • Bu: butyl
  • Bz: benzoyl
  • Cp: cyclopentadienyl
  • Cy: cyclohexyl
  • Et: ethyl
  • i-Pr, iPr, Pri: isopropyl
  • Me: methyl
  • Mes: mesityl (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)
  • Ms: mesyl (methylsulfonyl)
  • Np: neopentyl – (also used for the element neptunium: see above)
  • Ph: phenyl
  • Pr: propyl – (also used for the element praseodymium: see above)
  • s-Bu: sec-butyl
  • R: In organic chemistry contexts, an unspecified "R" is often understood to be an alkyl group
  • t-Bu: tert-butyl
  • Tf: triflyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)
  • Tr: trityl (triphenylmethyl)
  • Ts (occasionally Tos): tosyl (para toluenesulfonyl) – (also used for the element tennessine: see above)
{{colend}}

Exotic atoms:

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
  • Mu: muonium
  • Pn: protonium
  • Ps: positronium
{{colend}}

See also

  • List of chemical elements naming controversies
  • List of elements
  • Nuclear notation

Notes

1. ^This should not be confused with formula. When a number is present at the bottom right corner of the symbol of the element, only then is it said to be a formula, but if the number is not present, it is a symbol.
2. ^{{cite journal |url= http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/RB-prs310804/Chap3-3.04.pdf |title= IUPAC Provisional Recommendations: IR-3: Elements and Groups of Elements |date= March 2004 |publisher= IUPAC }}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry|url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table|website=www.rsc.org|language=en}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://etymonline.com|website=etymonline.com|language=en}}
5. ^{{cite journal|title=Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)|first1=Michael E. |last1=Wieser|first2=Norman|last2=Holden|displayauthors=1|journal=Pure Appl. Chem.|year=2013|volume=85|issue=5|pages=1047–1078|doi=10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02}} (for standard atomic weights of elements)
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/|title=Interactive Chart of Nuclides|publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory|last1=Sonzogni|first1=Alejandro|location=National Nuclear Data Center|accessdate=2008-06-06}} (for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 103–118)
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Name changed due to a standardization of, modernization of, or update to older formerly-used symbol.
8. ^1 {{cite web |last=Holden |first=N. E. |date=12 March 2004 |title=History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers |url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/content/elements.html |publisher=National Nuclear Data Center}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Name designated by discredited/disputed claimant.
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 {{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10699-013-9326-y | title = The Forgotten Names of Chemical Elements | year = 2013 | author = Leal, João P. | journal = Foundations of Science | volume = 19 | pages = 175–183}}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Name proposed prior to discovery/creation of element or prior to official re-naming of a placeholder name.
12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last1=Fontani|first1= Marco|author-link1= Marco Fontani|last2= Costa|first2= Mariagrazia|last3= Orna|first3= Mary Virginia|date= 2014|title= The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side|publisher= Oxford University Press|page= |isbn=9780199383344}}
13. ^1 Praseodymium. was.chemistryexplained.com.
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Temporary placeholder name.
15. ^{{cite web|last1=IUPAC|title=Isotopically Modified Compounds|url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/sectionH/|publisher=IUPAC|accessdate=31 March 2015|ref=SectionH}}
16. ^{{cite journal |editor-last= Morgan|editor-first= G. T.|date= 1905|title= Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry for 1904|journal= Journal of the Chemical Society|publisher= Gurney & Jackson|volume= 1|pages= 268|quote= In view of the extraordinarily complex nature of the later changes occurring in Radium, Rutherford has proposed a new and convenient system of nomenclature. The first product of the change of the radium emanation is named radium A, the next radium B, and so on.}}
17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jurczyk|first=M.|last2=Rajewski|first2=W.|last3=Majchrzycki|first3=W.|last4=Wójcik|first4=G.|date=1999-08-30|title=Mechanically alloyed MmNi5-type materials for metal hydride electrodes|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=290|issue=1–2|pages=262–266|doi=10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00202-9}}

References

  • Element name etymologies. Retrieved July 15, 2005.
  • Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107–1122, 2003. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers from 1–109 taken from this source.
  • IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised (2005).
  • WebElements Periodic Table. Retrieved June 30, 2005. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 110–116 taken from this source.
  • Lapp, Ralph E. Matter. Life Science Library. New York: Time, Inc. 1963.
  • Leighton, Robert B. Principles of Modern Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1959.
  • Scerri, E.R. "The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance". New York, Oxford University Press. 2007.

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Berzelius' List of Elements
  • History of IUPAC Atomic Weight Values (1883 to 1997)
  • American Chemical Society [https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/governance/committees/nomenclature.html Committee on Nomenclature, Terminology & Symbols]
{{PeriodicTablesFooter}}Symbol chemiczny

2 : Symbols|Chemical elements
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/23 6:23:33