| 词条 | Symphony No. 39 (Mozart) |
| 释义 |
The Symphony No. 39 in E{{music|flat}} major of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 543, was completed on 26 June 1788.[1] Composition and premiereThe Symphony No. 39 is the first of a set of three (his last symphonies) that Mozart composed in rapid succession during the summer of 1788. No. 40 was completed on 25 July and No. 41 on 10 August.[1] Nikolaus Harnoncourt argues that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work, pointing, among other things, to the fact that the Symphony No. 39 has a grand introduction (in the manner of an overture) but no coda.[2] Around the time that he composed the three symphonies, Mozart was writing his piano trios in E major and C major (K. 542 and K. 548), his sonata facile (K. 545), and a violin sonatina (K. 547). Mozart biographer Alfred Einstein has suggested that Mozart took Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 26, in the same key, as a model.[3] It seems to be impossible to determine the date of the premiere of the 39th Symphony on the basis of currently available evidence; in fact, it cannot be established whether the symphony was ever performed in the composer's lifetime. According to Deutsch (1965), around the time Mozart wrote the work, he was preparing to hold a series of "Concerts in the Casino", in a new casino in the Spiegelgasse owned by Philipp Otto. Mozart even sent a pair of tickets for this series to his friend Michael von Puchberg. But it seems impossible to determine whether the concert series was held, or was cancelled for lack of interest.[1] In addition, in the period up to the end of his life, Mozart participated in various other concerts the programs of which included an unidentified symphony; these also could have been the occasion of the premiere of the 39th (for details, see Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)). First eyewitness accountHowever, we now have what is likely the first known eyewitness account of the performance of the 39th Symphony. An all-Mozart memorial concert took place in Hamburg in March 1792, where the verified performance of this Symphony was noted by an eyewitness named Iwan Anderwitsch, who describes the start of the symphony as follows: "The opening is so majestic that it so surprised even the coldest, most insensitive listener and non-expert, that even if he wanted to chat, it prevented him from being inattentive, and thus, so to speak, put him in a position to become all ears. It then becomes [so] fiery, full, ineffably grand and rich in ideas, with striking variety in almost all obbligato parts, that it is nearly impossible to follow so rapidly with ear and feeling, and one is nearly paralyzed. This actual paralysis became visible in various connoisseurs and friends of music, and some admitted that they would never have been able to think or imagine they would hear something like this performed so splendidly in Hamburg."[4] In modern times, the work is part of the core symphonic repertoire and is frequently performed and recorded. Instrumentation and movementsThe symphony is scored for flute, pairs of clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets, timpani and strings. \\relative c' { \\key es \\major \\tempo "Adagio" \\time 2/2 } There are four movements:
The first movement opens with a majestic introduction with fanfares heard in the brass section. This is followed by an Allegro in sonata form, though while several features – the loud outburst following the soft opening, for instance – connect it with the galant school that influences the earliest of his symphonies. The independence of the winds and greater interplay of the parts in general, and the fact that the second theme group contains several themes (including a particularly felicitous "walking theme") compared to those earlier symphonies whose second groups were practically always completely trivial, are just a very few of the points that distinguish this movement from those earlier works, from which it has more differences than similarities.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} The slow movement, in abridged sonata form, i.e. no development section,[6] starts quietly in the strings and expands into the rest of the orchestra. Quiet main material and energetic, somewhat agitated transitions characterize this movement.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} The key is A{{music|flat}} major, the subdominant of E{{music|flat}} major. The work has a very interesting minuet and trio. The trio is an Austrian folk dance called a "Ländler" and features a clarinet solo. The forceful Menuetto is set off by the trio's unusual tint of the second clarinet playing arpeggios in its low (chalumeau) register. The melody for this particular folk dance derived from local drinking songs which were popular in Vienna during the late 18th century.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} The finale is another sonata form whose main theme, like that of the later string quintet in D, is mostly a scale, here ascending and descending. The development section is dramatic; there is no coda, but both the exposition, and the development through the end of the recapitulation, are requested to be, and often are, repeated.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 Deutsch 1965, 320 2. ^{{cite news|last1=Clements|first1=Andrew|title=Mozart: The Last Symphonies review – a thrilling journey through a tantalising new theory|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jul/23/mozart-last-symphonies-nikolaus-harnoncourt-review|work=The Guardian|date=23 July 2014}} 3. ^"But, as regards the E-flat Symphony [K. 543], it was probably the beginning of a symphony by Michael of 14 August 1783—Mozart was then in Salzburg and may have become acquainted with the work—that supplied the stimulus for the first Allegro: Ex. 7 [four bars of music are quoted in piano reduction] Similarly with the Adagio affettuoso of the Haydn work and Mozart's Andante." (Einstein 1945, 127) 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Black|first1=David|title=A personal response to the Mozart memorial concert in Hamburg and the Symphony in E-flat (K. 543)|url=https://sites.google.com/site/mozartdocuments/documents/1792-02-19-anderwitsch|website=Mozart: New Documents, edited by Dexter Edge and David Black|accessdate=May 10, 2017}} 5. ^Older scores show the introduction in {{music|time|4|4}}. See the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe for verification of the cut time marking. 6. ^http://hem.bredband.net/urigonzalez/treitler_imagination_chapter7.htm {{Dead link|date=November 2010}} Sources
External links
3 : Symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|1788 compositions|Compositions in E-flat major |
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