“Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Symphony No. 6 in A minor by Gustav Mahler is a symphony in four movements, composed in 1903 and 1904 (revised 1906; scoring repeatedly revised). Mahler conducted the work's first performance at the Saalbau concert hall in Essen on May 27, 1906. It is sometimes referred to by the nickname Tragische ("Tragic"). Mahler composed the symphony at what was apparently an exceptionally happy time in his life, as he had married Alma Schindler in 1902, and during the course of the work's composition his second daughter was born. This contrasts with the tragic, even nihilistic, ending of No. 6. Both Alban Berg and Anton Webern praised the work when they first heard it. Berg expressed his opinion of the stature of this symphony in a 1908 letter to Webern:

Instrumentation

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/wo-der-hammer-haengt-komische-oper-/1268424.html|title=Wo der Hammer hängt Komische Oper|work=Der Tagesspiegel|author=Sybill Mahlke|date=2008-06-29|accessdate=2015-10-31|language=German}}
2. ^The sound of the hammer, which features in the last movement, was stipulated by Mahler to be "brief and mighty, but dull in resonance and with a non-metallic character (like the fall of an axe)." The sound achieved in the premiere did not quite carry far enough from the stage, and indeed the problem of achieving the proper volume while still remaining dull in resonance remains a challenge to the modern orchestra. Various methods of producing the sound have involved a wooden mallet striking a wooden surface, a sledgehammer striking a wooden box, or a particularly large bass drum, or sometimes simultaneous use of more than one of these methods.
3. ^¹²³{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.posthorn.com/Mahler/Correct_Movement_Order_III.pdf |last=Kubik |first=Reinhold |chapter=Analysis versus history: Erwin Ratz and the Sixth Symphony |title=The Correct Movement Order in Mahler's Sixth Symphony |editor=Gilbert Kaplan |publisher=The Kaplan Foundation |isbn=0-9749613-0-2 |location=New York, New York}}
4. ^¹²{{cite journal | jstor=10.1525/ncm.2001.25.1.49 | last=Darcy | first=Warren | title=Rotational Form, Teleological Genesis, and Fantasy-Projection in the Slow Movement of Mahler’s Sixth Symphony | journal=19th Century Music | volume=XXV | issue=1 | pages=49–74 | date=Summer 2001 }}
5. ^Del Mar, Norman, Mahler's Sixth Symphony – A Study. Eulenberg Books (London), {{ISBN|9780903873291}}, pp. 34–64 (1980).
6. ^De La Grange, Henry-Louis, Gustav Mahler: Volume 3. Vienna: Triumph and Disillusion, Oxford University Press (Oxford, UK), p. 816 ({{ISBN|0-19-315160-X}}).
7. ^Füssl, Karl Heinz, "Zur Stellung des Mittelsätze in Mahlers Sechste Symphonie". Nachricthen zur Mahler Forschung, 27, International Gustav Mahler Society (Vienna), March 1992.
8. ^¹²³Matthews, David, 'The Sixth Symphony', in The Mahler Companion (eds Donald Mitchell and Andrew Nicholson). Oxford University Press (Oxford, UK), {{ISBN|0-19-816376-2}}, pp. 366–375 (1999).
9. ^Dika Newlin, Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg, New York, 1947, pp. 184–5.
10. ^¹"Mahler Symphony No. 6", 2016 program notes, New York Philharmonic
11. ^{{cite news | author=Robert Beale | title=Interview with Sir Mark Elder as he prepares to conduct the Halle in a Mahler marathon | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/interview-sir-mark-elder-prepares-10184982 | work=Manchester Evening News | date=2015-10-02 | accessdate=2015-11-14}}
12. ^De La Grange, Henry-Louis, Gustav Mahler, Volume 4: A New Life Cut Short, Oxford University Press (2008), p. 1587 {{ISBN|9780198163879}}
13. ^¹[https://www.facebook.com/nyphilharmonic/photos/pcb.10153551368227293/10153551354167293/?type=3&theater Mahler Symphony No. 6 at the New York Philharmonic], graphic showing movement order and number of hammer blows, 11 February 2016

Nickname of Tragische

The status of the symphony's nickname is problematic. Mahler did not title the symphony when he composed it, or at its first performance or first publication. When he allowed Richard Specht to analyse the work and Alexander von Zemlinsky to arrange the symphony, he did not authorize any sort of nickname for the symphony. He had, as well, decisively rejected and disavowed the titles (and programmes) of his earlier symphonies by 1900. Only the words "{{Lang|de|Sechste Sinfonie}}" appeared on the programme for the performance in Munich on November 8, 1906.^[3]{{rp|59}} Nor does the word {{Lang|de|Tragische}} appear on any of the scores that C.F. Kahnt published (first edition, 1906; revised edition, 1906), in Specht's officially approved {{Lang|de|Thematische Führer}} ('thematic guide')^[3]{{rp|50}} or on Zemlinsky's piano duet transcription (1906).^[3]{{rp|57}} By contrast, in his Gustav Mahler memoir, Bruno Walter claimed that "Mahler called [the work] his Tragic Symphony". Additionally, the programme for the first Vienna performance (January 4, 1907) refers to the work as "{{Lang|de|Sechste Sinfonie (Tragische)}}".

Structure

The work is in four movements and has a duration of around 80 minutes. The order of the inner movements has been a matter of debate. The first published edition of the score (CF Kahnt, 1906) featured the movements in the following order:^[4]

However, Mahler subsequently placed the Andante as the second movement, and this new order of the inner movements was reflected in the second and third published editions of the score, as well as the Essen premiere.

Scholars such as Norman Del Mar have argued for the Andante/Scherzo order of the inner movements.^[3]{{rp|43}}^[5] The 1963 Erwin Ratz edition publishes the score with the movements ordered to Mahler's original conception. Del Mar, among others, has criticised the Ratz edition for its lack of documentary evidence to justify the Scherzo/Andante order. In contrast, scholars such as Theodor W. Adorno, Henry-Louis de la Grange, Hans-Peter Jülg and Karl Heinz Füssl have argued for the original order as more appropriate, expostulating on the overall tonal scheme and the various relationships between the keys in the final three movements. Füssl, in particular, noted that Ratz made his decision under historical circumstances where the history of the different autographs and versions was not completely known at the time.^[6] Füssl has also noted the following features of the Scherzo/Andante order:^[7]

British composer David Matthews was a former adherent of the Andante/Scherzo order,^[4] but has since changed his mind and now argues for Scherzo/Andante as the preferred order, again citing the overall tonal scheme of the symphony.^[8] Matthews, Paul Banks and scholar Warren Darcy (the last an advocate for the Andante/Scherzo order) have independently proposed the idea of two separate editions of the symphony, one to accommodate each version of the order of the inner movements.^[4]^[8]

Formally, the symphony is one of Mahler's most outwardly conventional. The first three movements are relatively traditional in structure and character, with a standard sonata form first movement (even including an exact repeat of the exposition, unusual in Mahler) leading to the middle movements – one a scherzo-with-trios, the other slow. However, attempts to analyze the vast finale in terms of the sonata archetype have encountered serious difficulties. As Dika Newlin has pointed out:

The first movement, which for the most part has the character of a march, features a motif consisting of an A major triad turning to A minor over a distinctive timpani rhythm. The chords are played by trumpets and oboes when first heard, with the trumpets sounding most loudly in the first chord and the oboes in the second.

This motif, which some commentators have linked with fate,^[16] reappears in subsequent movements. The first movement also features a soaring melody which the composer's wife, Alma Mahler, claimed represented her. This melody is often called the "Alma theme".^[10] A restatement of that theme at the movement's end marks the happiest point of the symphony.

The scherzo marks a return to the unrelenting march rhythms of the first movement, though in a 'triple-time' metrical context.

Its trio (the middle section), marked Altväterisch ('old-fashioned'), is rhythmically irregular ({{music|time|4|8}} switching to {{music|time|3|8}} and {{music|time|3|4}}) and of a somewhat gentler character.

According to Alma Mahler, in this movement Mahler "represented the arrhythmic games of the two little children, tottering in zigzags over the sand". The chronology of its composition suggests otherwise. The movement was composed in the summer of 1903, when Maria Anna (born November 1902) was less than a year old. Anna Justine was born a year later in July 1904.

The andante provides a respite from the intensity of the rest of the work. Its main theme is an introspective ten-bar phrase in E{{music|flat}} major, though it frequently touches on the minor mode as well. The orchestration is more delicate and reserved in this movement, making it all the more poignant when compared to the other three.

The last movement is an extended sonata form, characterized by drastic changes in mood and tempo, the sudden change of glorious soaring melody to deep agony.

Alma quoted her husband as saying that these were three mighty blows of fate befallen by the hero, "the third of which fells him like a tree". She identified these blows with three later events in Gustav Mahler's own life: the death of his eldest daughter Maria Anna Mahler, the diagnosis of an eventually fatal heart condition, and his forced resignation from the Vienna Opera and departure from Vienna. When he revised the work, Mahler removed the last of these three hammer strokes so that the music built to a sudden moment of stillness in place of the third blow. Some recordings and performances, notably those of Leonard Bernstein, have restored the third hammer blow.^[11] The piece ends with the same rhythmic motif that appeared in the first movement, but the chord above it is a simple A minor triad, rather than A major turning into A minor. After the third 'hammer-blow' passage, the music gropes in darkness and then the trombones and horns begin to offer consolation. However, after they turn briefly to major they fade away and the final bars erupt {{serif|fff}} in the minor.

Performance history

There is some controversy over the order of the two middle movements. Mahler conceived the work as having the scherzo second and the slow movement third, a somewhat unclassical arrangement adumbrated in such earlier gargantuan symphonies as Beethoven's No. 9, Bruckner's No. 8 and (unfinished) No. 9, and Mahler's own four-movement No. 1 and No. 4. It was in this arrangement that the symphony was completed (in 1904) and published (in March 1906); and it was with a conducting score in which the scherzo preceded the slow movement that Mahler began rehearsals for the work's first performance, in May 1906. During those rehearsals, however, Mahler decided that the slow movement should precede the scherzo, and he instructed his publishers C.F. Kahnt to prepare a "second edition" of the work with the movements in that order, and meanwhile to insert errata slips indicating the change of order into all unsold copies of the existing edition.

The first occasion after Mahler's death where the conductor reverted to the original movement order seems to have been in 1919, after Alma had sent a telegram to Willem Mengelberg which said "erst Scherzo dann Andante" ("First Scherzo then Andante"). Mengelberg, who had been in close touch with Mahler until the latter's death, and had conducted the symphony in the "Andante/Scherzo" arrangement up to 1916, then switched to the "Scherzo/Andante" order. In this he seems to have been alone: other conductors, such as Oskar Fried, continued to perform (and eventually record) the work as 'Andante/Scherzo', per Mahler's own second edition, right up to the early 1960s.

In 1963, Erwin Ratz's "Critical Edition" of the Sixth appeared, where the Scherzo preceded the Andante. Ratz, however, did not offer documented support, such as Alma Mahler's telegram, for his assertion that Mahler "changed his mind a second time" at some point before his death. One consequence of this edition was that conductors who recorded the work, and with a preference for the revised Andante/Scherzo order, would find their recordings with the middle movements in the order of Scherzo/Andante, in conformity with the 1963 Ratz Edition. The lack of documentary or other evidence in support of Ratz's (and Alma's) reverted ordering has caused the most recent Critical Edition to use the Andante/Scherzo order. However, many conductors continue to perform the Scherzo before the Andante, in keeping with Mahler's original order. British conductor John Carewe has noted parallels between the tonal plan of Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 and Mahler's Symphony No. 6, with the Scherzo/Andante order of movements in the latter, where David Matthews has noted that performing the Mahler with the Andante/Scherzo order would damage the structure of the tonal key relationships and remove this parallel.^[8] Moreover, Mahler biographer Henry-Louis de La Grange, referring to the 1919 Mengelberg telegram, has questioned the notion of Alma simply expressing a personal view of the movement order:

The dual-version view is one echoed by another major Mahler writer, Donald Mitchell.

An additional question is on whether to restore the third hammer blow. Both the Ratz edition and the most recent critical edition delete the third hammer blow. However, advocates on opposite sides of the inner movement debate, such as Del Mar and Matthews, have separately argued for restoration of the third hammer blow.^[8]

Selected discography

This discography encompasses both audio and video recordings, and classifies them as to the order of the middle movements. Recordings with three hammer blows in the finale are noted with an asterisk.

Instrumentation

Nickname of Tragische

Structure

Performance history

Selected discography

Scherzo / Andante

Andante / Scherzo

Quotations

Premieres

References

External links