“Systematic element name”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Systematic element name

释义

IUPAC rules
References
External links

A systematic element name is the temporary name assigned to a newly synthesized or not yet synthesized chemical element. A systematic symbol is also derived from this name. In chemistry, a transuranic element receives a permanent name and symbol only after its synthesis has been confirmed. In some cases, such as the Transfermium Wars, controversies over the formal name and symbol have been protracted and highly political. In order to discuss such elements without ambiguity, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uses a set of rules to assign a temporary systematic name and symbol to each such element. This approach to naming originated in the successful development of regular rules for the naming of organic compounds.

IUPAC rules

Digit	Root	Etymology	Symbol	Pronunciation
0	nil	Latin nihil ("nothing")	n	n\|ɪ\|l}}
1	un	Latin unus ("one")	u	uː\|n}}
2	b(i)	Latin bis ("twice")	b	b\|aɪ}}
3	tr(i)	Latin tres ("three") Greek tria ("three")	t	t\|r\|aɪ}}
4	quad	Latin quattuor ("four")	q	k\|w\|ɒ\|d}}
5	pent	Greek pente ("five")	p	p\|ɛ\|n\|t}}
6	hex	Greek hex ("six")	h	h\|ɛ\|k\|s}}
7	sept	Latin septem ("seven")	s	s\|ɛ\|p\|t}}
8	oct	Latin octo ("eight") Greek okto ("eight")	o	ɒ\|k\|t}}
9	en(n)	Greek ennea ("nine")	e	ɛ\|n}}
Suffix	-ium	Latin -um (neuter singular)	none	-\|i\|ə\|m}}

The temporary names derive systematically from the element's atomic number, and apply only to 101 ≤ Z ≤ 999.^[1] Each digit is translated into a "numerical root" according to the table. The roots are concatenated, and the name is completed by the suffix -ium. Some of the roots are Latin and others are Greek, to avoid two digits starting with the same letter (for example, the Greek-derived pent is used instead of the Latin-derived quint to avoid confusion with quad for 4). There are two elision rules designed to prevent odd-looking names.

If bi or tri is followed by the ending ‑ium (i.e. the last digit is 2 or 3), the result is ‑bium or ‑trium, not ‑biium or ‑triium.
If enn is followed by nil (i.e. the sequence -90- occurs), the result is ‑ennil-, not ‑ennnil-.

The suffix ‑ium overrides traditional chemical-suffix rules; thus, elements 117 and 118 were ununseptium and ununoctium, not *ununseptine and *ununocton.^[2] This does not apply to the trivial names these elements receive once confirmed; thus, elements 117 and 118 are now tennessine and oganesson, respectively. For these trivial names, all elements receive the suffix ‑ium except those in group 17, which receive ‑ine (like the halogens), and those in group 18, which receive ‑on (like the noble gases).

The systematic symbol is formed by taking the first letter of each root, converting the first to a capital. This results in three-letter symbols instead of the one- or two-letter symbols used for named elements.

{{As of|2016}}, all 118 discovered elements have received individual permanent names and symbols,^[3] so currently, systematic names and symbols are used only for the undiscovered elements beyond element 118, oganesson.

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last= Meija|first=Juris|date= 2014|title=Symbols of the Elements (part III)|journal=Chemistry International |publisher=DeGruyter |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1515/ci.2014.36.4.25}}
2. ^{{cite journal |last= Koppenol|first=W.|date= 2016|title=How to name new chemical elements|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |publisher=DeGruyter |volume=|doi=10.1515/pac-2015-0802}}
3. ^{{cite web | url = https://iupac.org/iupac-announces-the-names-of-the-elements-113-115-117-and-118 | title = IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 | author = | date = 2016-11-30 | work = | publisher = IUPAC | accessdate = 2016-11-30}}

External links

{{cite journal |url= http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/RB-prs310804/Chap3-3.04.pdf |title= IUPAC Provisional Recommendations: IR-3: Elements and Groups of Elements |date= March 2004 |publisher= IUPAC }}

3 : Naming of chemical elements|Chemical nomenclature|Periodic table

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