1. Cardiac Function and Regional Function

2. Regional Function and The Heart Muscle (Myocardium)

3. Using Strain to Measure Regional Function
     Principal Strain Components of the Heart    Radial Strain (Err)    Longitudinal Strain (Ell)    Circumferential Strain (Ecc)  

4. Measuring Strain of the Heart

5. References

The assessment of regional function of the heart is a powerful tool for the detection of deterioration of a certain parts of the heart wall early on and before it diffuses further. One of the most accurate measures of changes in regional function is the use of strain as a practical, sensitive, and accurate measure of regional function of cardiac muscle.

Cardiac Function and Regional Function

One of the most important indicators of heart problems is described as weakening of the cardiac function. This means that the heart’s ability to pump blood to the body is diminished. Before this becomes a problem for other organs of the body, it is beneficial to detect early progress of the disease in the heart wall muscle itself. This can be detected, when the proper device is used, as weakening of the contractility of some part of the heart muscle. Hence, it is described as change in regional function. It is important to note that the weakening of regional function does not always lead to weakening in overall cardiac function. This will depend on a number of factors, including the degree of regional weakening and its extent inside the wall.

Regional Function and The Heart Muscle (Myocardium)

The myocytes of the heart (also called the myocardial fibers) are arranged in a general circumferential direction in the ventricles. In the LV, the fibers will change gradually in direction from a certain longitudinal-cirumferential direction in the outer layer of the heart (epicardium) to another angulated direction almost orthogonal in the inner wall (endocardium), becoming overwhelmingly circumferential somewhere halfway in the middle of the wall. It is, therefore, perceived that measuring the strain in the circumferential direction is a good indicator of the contractility of the fibers.

Using Strain to Measure Regional Function

There are different ways to measure the regional function of the wall. It has been proposed to measure the speed of the LV wall motion, the thickening of the wall, or other changes in the shape of small regions of the wall as it contracts and relaxes. The latter is best measured using the mechanical quantity called “strain."

Strain can be described as the percentile change in spacing between two points on a deforming object. Here are some important points about strain:

Principal Strain Components of the Heart

Because strain is measured between two points, that strain, therefore, describes the change in distance along the direction connecting the two points. If we think of a rubber band that is stretched, the strain along the band will have a positive value for stretching; i.e. when selecting two points placed along the band length. At the same time, the band width will decrease, resulting in a negative strain orthogonal to the band's length.

In the case of the heart, it has become conventional to use certain directions for measuring strain:

Radial Strain (Err)

This is the strain measured along the thickness of the wall. In fact, it measures the wall thickening.

In a normal heart, the radial strain is positive as measured from end-diastole.

Longitudinal Strain (Ell)

For the LV and RV, it is the strain that measured the shortening (or relaxation) of the wall muscle from the base of the ventricles to the apex.

In a normal heart, the longitudinal strain is negative as measured from end-diastole.

Circumferential Strain (Ecc)

This is the third strain component whose direction is orthogonal to both the radial and longitudinal. One way to see it is the reduction of the circumference of the LV chamber as seen in a short-axis view. The annular shape of the LV wall will change and become thicker (radial strain) with a smaller inner circle (circumferential strain).

In a normal heart, the circumferential straig or positives negative as measured from end-diastole.

Note that:

• Strain has a sign: A contraction of a muscle fiber yields a negative strain measurement along the fiber axis.
• Strain is relative: Strain is the normalized change in distance between two points, but the question is, change is relative to what? If a rubber band is continuously stretched and left to relax, then the strain between two points along the length of the rubber band will depend on which part of the cycle is observed. If then we measure the spacing between the two points from a specific time instant (A) to a new one (B) while the band was being stretched, a positive strain will be measured and the value will depend on the time separation between A and B. Vice versa, if the two instants are picked as the band is relaxing, a negative value strain will be measured. Although there might be an infinite number of references, we can identify two important time references.

This is the point of time when the rubber ban is smallest. In case of the LV of the heart, it can be identified as end-systole. However, end systole describes a global change in the chamber, which is the sum of the contraction of the regions. Because of the different timing of activation of the wall region and other factors, the end systole does not coincide exactly with the peak contractions of the regions. In a normal heart, these times should be close enough for efficient pumping by the heart, but they are not exactly the same. When the variance in time exceeds a certain degree, the heart becomes more dyssynchronous.

Similar to peak contraction, peak stretching is the instant when the rubber band is at its maximum length. In the case of the LV, it will correspond with end-diastole, and with the same comment about the variance like end-systole.

Measuring Strain of the Heart

Strain can be measured by various medical imaging modalities. Of special interest is using echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In echocardiography, strain can be measured by using Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) or Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE).

Using MRI, strain and deformation can be measured, noninvasively, using MRI Tagging and Harmonic Phase Analysis (HARP),^[1] Strain Encoding (SENC), or Tissue Tracking. The latter is similar to STE, although the MRI images do not show significant heterogeneity within the tissue to track.

One of the applications is using peak circumferential strain to the viability of the myocardium.^[2][3] The figure shows this relation, as well as converting the strain value into the typical qualitative assessment as normal, hypkinetic, akinetic, and dyskinetic for the wall motion.

References

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• Vettel, Sebastian
• Vetter, Brian
• Vetter, David
• Vetterli-Vitali M1870/87
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• Vette (Star Wars)
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• Vettor Cappello
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• Vettor Pisani (disambiguation)
• Vettor Pisani (ship)
• Vettri FM
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• Vettuvan Koil
• Vetufebrus ovatus
• Vetukuri Venkata Siva Rama Raju