“Registry of World Record Size Shells”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Registry of World Record Size Shells is a conchological work listing the largest (and in some cases smallest) verified shell specimens of various mollusc taxa. A successor to the earlier World Size Records of Robert J. L. Wagner and R. Tucker Abbott, it has been published on a semi-regular basis since 1997, changing ownership and publisher a number of times. Originally planned for release every two years, new editions are now published annually. Since 2008 the entire registry has been available online in the form of a searchable database. The registry is continuously expanded and now contains more than 23,000 listings and 85,000 supporting images.^[2]^[3]

Certain families of attractive shells (such as cones, cowries, marginellas, and murex) are particularly favoured by collectors. World record size shells (commonly indicated by the acronym 'WRS') of species in the most popular families are much sought after by some shell collectors, and can thus command high prices.{{refn|group=nb|name=value|The value of some WRS shells can exceed US$10,000.^[4]}} Collections of such shells are exhibited at a number of specialist museums, including the Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum.^[4] Maximum and minimum sizes are also of interest to malacologists, and may be useful in delimiting closely related species.^[6] As an extensive compilation of maximum shell sizes, the registry has found use as a data source for scientific studies.^[5]{{refn|group=nb|name=source|See for example the study of Estes, Lindberg & Wray (2005) into large body size in abalones (genus Haliotis).^[6]}}

Overview

Scope

Throughout its history the registry has covered four classes of molluscs: bivalves, cephalopods, gastropods, and scaphopods. Chitons have been excluded because their shells are formed from eight articulated plates and therefore the size of a fixed specimen depends in large part on the preservation method used.^[7]

Smallest adult sizes have been listed beginning with a few specimens of Cypraeidae and Strombidae in the first edition,^[6] and they now additionally encompass a third family: Marginellidae.^[7] Separate records for sinistral (left-handed) shells and obviously rostrate cowries (family Cypraeidae) are also included.^[7] Terrestrial and freshwater species, as well as fossils of extant taxa, are not covered by the registry.^[7]

Content

The bulk of the publication—which apart from the cover is unillustrated—comprises a list of taxa and their corresponding world record sizes. Each specimen in the registry is listed alphabetically under its recognised scientific name. This is usually a binomen (species name), but subspecies, varieties and forms are also included (the latter two are used informally and are not regulated by the ICZN). In addition to the shell size, each specimen is listed with its location, owner or repository, and the year it was collected, acquired, or registered (whichever is known, listed in decreasing order of preference).^[7]

Each print edition has an appendix with an alphabetical listing of entry totals for all private collectors and repositories having ownership of specimens in the registry. In the first edition, the most individual entries belonged to Victor Dan, with 369, closely followed by co-author Don Pisor at 325.^[1] This title subsequently went to Tennessee physician and world-renowned collector Pete Stimpson, who for a time held over 2,000 entries in the registry,^[8]^[9] and whose WRS specimens have been exhibited at museums including the McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture.^[10] The distinction of having the most WRS entries now belongs to Havelet Marine, which counted 3,244 specimens in the 2008 edition, compared to Stimpson's 1,963.

Measurements

The registry's rules specify that specimens "should be measured with vernier type calipers and should reflect the greatest measurable dimension of the shell in any direction including any processes of hard shell material produced by the animal (i.e. spines, wings, keels, siphonal canals, etc.) and not including attachments, barnacles, coralline algae, or any other encrusting organisms. Long, hair-like periostracum is not to be included."^[7]

Shell sizes are given in millimetres and recorded to the nearest {{convert|0.1|mm|in}}, as is standard in conchology. To account for human error and environmental effects, new records are only accepted if they exceed the standing record by at least {{convert|0.3|mm|in|abbr=on}}. This 0.3 mm margin also applies to smallest adult sizes exceeding {{convert|10.0|mm|in|abbr=on}}.^[7]

Entries for specimens that tie the standing record can also be submitted. Though not included in the registry, they are kept on file in the event that the current record holder is shown to be misidentified or smaller than originally claimed.^[7]

Largest species

The three largest species in the registry are the bivalves Kuphus polythalamia, Tridacna gigas and Pinna nobilis, with maximum recorded shell sizes of {{convert|1532.0|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}, {{convert|1368.7|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} and {{convert|970.0|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}, respectively. The fourth largest species, and the largest of all gastropods, is Syrinx aruanus with a maximum length of {{convert|772.0|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}.^[6]^[11]^[12]^[13] There are literature records of an even larger S. aruanus specimen measuring {{convert|36|in|mm|0}},^[14]^[15]^[16] but these are erroneous and actually refer to the same specimen, which is on display at the Houston Museum of Natural Science.^[17] The extinct gastropod Campanile giganteum reached a similar size.^[16]^[18]

The largest listed cephalopod shell is that of Argonauta argo, at {{convert|300.0|mm|in|abbr=on}}.^[13]

Size verification

For inclusion in the registry, size records must be verified either by a recognised second party ("a professional malacologist, a reputable shell dealer, or an advanced collector who is recognized as a specialist in the applicable family") or through photographic evidence (three images, showing the shell being measured with calipers and its dorsal and ventral aspects).^[3]^[7] Entries may be submitted by regular mail or e-mail; a submission form is included at the back of each print edition. These requirements mean that in some cases older or even current malacological literature may include size records which exceed those found in the registry.^[7]^[19]

In the early years of the registry, shells were sometimes officially measured for world record size status at Conchologists of America conventions, as in 1999 when the measurements were carried out by senior author Kim Hutsell.^[20]

History

Background

Beginning in the mid-20th century, several attempts were made to produce a list of the largest shell specimens. Perhaps the earliest of these was the Lost Operculum Club List of Champions, initiated in 1950 by John Q. Burch (1894–1974) of the Los Angeles-based Conchological Club of Southern California.^[21] This project was overseen by Bertram C. Draper (1904–2000) between 1966 and 1987, and bore four major print publications during this time.^[40] The list was limited in scope compared to later efforts, encompassing only marine species of the Eastern Pacific, from Alaska to Chile.^[6]^[22]^[23]

The direct predecessor to the Registry of World Record Size Shells was World Size Records, compiled by renowned malacologists Robert J. L. Wagner (1905–1992) and R. Tucker Abbott (1919–1995). These record sizes originally appeared in 1964, in the first edition of Van Nostrand's Standard Catalog of Shells, not as a separate list but interspersed among other species-specific information that made up the bulk of the work. An updated list was published as part of the book's second edition, in 1967. The next update appeared in the work's third edition, which was renamed Wagner and Abbott's Standard Catalog of Shells. Unlike previous editions, this third and final installment of the catalog was a ring binder with loose-leaf content, intended as a continually updated resource. To match the newly retitled work, the list's name was modified to Wagner and Abbott's World Size Records. In this final incarnation, the list appeared as a series of four supplements: the first two were loose-leaf publications that appeared in 1978 and 1982, and these were followed by hole-punched paperback titles in 1985 and 1990.^[24]

Registry of World Record Size Shells

Following the deaths of Wagner and Abbott, Barbara Haviland continued to compile data for world records. In 1997 Kim Hutsell acquired the rights from Cynthia Abbott to World Size Records to continue the project as a stand-alone book, those rights were subsequently sold to Don Pisor. The first edition therefore incorporated many of the earlier entries, as well as additional data compiled for World Size Records by Barbara Haviland.^[1] The format of the new publication differed from World Size Records in several important ways. Significantly, the minimum size threshold was lowered from {{convert|2.5|cm|in}} to {{convert|1|cm|in}}. In another change, the registry listed taxa alphabetically by species name within families, instead of within genera as they had been previously.{{refn|group=nb|name=layout|This format would later be dropped for the fourth edition (2005) in favour of alphabetical ordering of species within genera and of genera within families, only to be reinstated for the fifth edition (2008).}} This system allows for easy comparison between closely related genera, is more resilient to the frequent taxonomic changes that occur at the genus level, and gets around the issue that many shell dealers prefer to lump numerous genera for the sake of simplicity.^[6] R. Tucker Abbott had himself intended to use this arrangement in the fifth edition of his World Size Records, but died before he could see his plans through.^[6] Another difference was the presentation of sizes in millimetres to the nearest tenth instead of centimetres to the nearest hundredth, moving the publication in line with standard usage in conchology. Finally, references were added for each specimen to aid in identification. The opening paragraph of the first edition set out the project's goals and invited submissions:^[1]

Kim C. Hutsell, Linda L. Hutsell and Don Pisor released the first three editions in 1997, 1999, and 2001. These were published by the Hutsell's company, Snail's Pace Productions, and distributed by Pisor's Marine Shells, both based in San Diego, California. The first edition went on sale at the 1997 Conchologists of America (COA) convention in Captiva Island, Florida.^[6]

The text of the fourth edition was completed by Kim and Linda Hutsell and originally planned for release at the 2003 COA convention in Tacoma, Washington,^[24] but was greatly delayed and only came out in 2005. The fifth edition appeared three years later. With the departure of the first two authors, the titles of the fourth and fifth editions were shortened to Pisor's Registry of World Record Size Shells. These also marked a switch from Snail's Pace Productions to a new main publisher, ConchBooks of Hackenheim, Germany.{{refn|group=nb|name=publishers|The fourth edition (2005) is identified on its front cover as "A Publication of Snail's Pace Productions and ConchBooks". Its title page gives Pisor as the author, Conchology, Inc. as the compiler, and ConchBooks as the editor. The fifth edition (2008) has "A Publication of ConchBooks and Pisor Marine Enterprise, Inc." on the cover, with the title page listing Pisor as the author, Conchology, Inc. as the compiler, both ConchBooks and Pisor Marine Enterprise as the editors, and crediting Guido T. Poppe for reworking the book.}} They were compiled with the help of Conchology, Inc., with the company's founder, Guido T. Poppe, providing an introduction for the fifth edition.

On 2 April 2008, the copyrights to the registry were transferred from Pisor to Jean-Pierre Barbier of Topseashells and Philippe Quiquandon of Shell's Passion.^[25] With Olivier Santini, Barbier and Quiquandon subsequently launched an official website where all registry listings can be accessed for a fee.^[2] The online database includes photographs of the listed specimens that have been gathered with the help of collectors, dealers, and institutions such as the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris.^[3]^[26] Older records for which photographic evidence could not be obtained were removed from the database and replaced by verified specimens, even if these were smaller, to ensure that all specimens were measured and identified correctly.^[3] Barbier, Quiquandon and Santini moved the print title to an annual publication cycle, starting with the sixth edition in 2009, with Shell's Passion and Topseashells taking over as publishers. Under the new ownership the print edition is titled simply Registry of World Record Size Shells.

List of publications

The Lost Operculum Club List of Champions appeared in four main editions and at least one supplement between 1969 and 1987.^[22]^[27] Prior to this the list had appeared in abbreviated form in publications such as The Echo.^[21]

The Registry of World Record Size Shells has appeared in fifteen print editions since 1997. New editions are currently released on an annual basis. All editions are of the approximate dimensions {{convert|8.5|×|11|in|cm}} and have coil or comb binding, with heavy paper covers and a clear plastic sheet protecting the front cover.

The publishers announced that the 15th print edition will be the last, due to the excessive thickness of the publication.

Reviews

First edition

The first edition of the Registry of World Record Size Shells was reviewed for Conchologists of America (COA) by malacologist Gary Rosenberg of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and conchologist Gene Everson.^[29]

Rosenberg spoke favourably of the changes made since World Size Records, namely the lowering of the minimum size for inclusion, listing sizes in millimetres, ordering species alphabetically within families irrespective of genus, and adding a reference field for identification purposes. He also welcomed the inclusion of separate entries for infraspecific taxa such as subspecies, varieties, and forms, noting that these "might someday prove to be full species, and maximum sizes might provide evidence as to their status".^[29]

Rosenberg identified a minor inconsistency in the grouping of cephalopods (Argonautidae and Nautilidae) and scaphopods (Dentaliidae) with gastropods while listing bivalves separately, opining that "a single alphabetic sequence would be preferable".^[29] Rosenberg also found "an unusual number of typographical errors", which he attributed to a rush to have the work ready for the 1997 COA convention. Other issues identified by Rosenberg included the listing of synonyms (e.g. Oliva sericea and its synonym Oliva textilina) and different combinations of the same species (e.g. Ancilla lienardi and Eburna lienardi). While suggesting that errors of the second type would be easier to catch if author citations were included, Rosenberg conceded that this might not be practical due to space limitations. Rosenberg also noted entries where the cited location fell well outside the species's natural range (e.g. a supposed West African specimen of the East African Ancilla ventricosa).^[29]

Comparing around a quarter of the size records from the first edition against shells in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Rosenberg found that the latter had larger specimens in some 10% of cases.^[29] What Rosenberg considered "[o]f greatest concern", however, were discrepancies between the record sizes listed in the registry and larger specimens found in contemporary monographic works, and this even extended to type specimens in some cases.{{refn|group=nb|name=smaller|The first edition listed the world record size for Perotrochus midas as 77.4 mm, but the 118.3 mm holotype and an even larger 127.5 mm specimen had both been cited in the comprehensive monograph of Anseeuw & Goto (1996).^[29]}} The problem seemed to be particularly pronounced in the Pleurotomariidae—a family highly prized by shell collectors—where nine out of sixteen species had larger shells listed in the standard work on the family, that of Anseeuw & Goto (1996). Similar issues were found with the record sizes of Terebridae.{{refn|group=nb|name=smaller2|An extreme example was Terebra funiculata, with the registry listing a 32.5 mm record as compared to the 69 mm maximum given in Bratcher & Cernohorsky (1987).^[29]}} Rosenberg concluded: "The Registry would be much more authoritative if it included record sizes from the literature, and I recommend this be done in future editions."^[29]

Gene Everson echoed Rosenberg in highlighting the changes from World Size Records as major improvements. In particular he praised the format and exhaustiveness of the publication, writing that, despite having almost double the entries of its predecessor, the registry was much easier to handle compared with the "heavy and bulky" Standard Catalog of Shells. He added that the authors' choice of coil binding made it easier to keep the registry open at the desired page.^[29]

Everson questioned some of the publication choices for the reference field, such as the conspicuous omission of "the definitive work on New Zealand shells", New Zealand Mollusca by Arthur William Baden Powell. He continued: "Many other landmark works by highly respected malacologists are omitted, while articles in periodicals frequently written by amateurs, such as La Conchliglia and American Conchologist, are [not]. It would seem the included 49 references were just those used by the authors for this edition." He suggested that future editions should clearly set out what types of references are acceptable. Summarising, Everson wrote:^[29]

Later editions

A review of the 11th edition criticised the lack of pagination and therefore of an index, as well as the lack of page headings indicating families.^[30]

Notes

1. ^¹²³Hutsell, K.C., L.L. Hutsell & D.L. Pisor (1997). Hutsell & Pisor's Registry of World Record Size Shells. Snail's Pace Productions, San Diego.
2. ^¹Registry of World Record Size Shells. wrs-shells.com.
3. ^¹²³Quiquandon, P. (16 March 2011). Re: WRS for Cypraea carneola propinqua (f) Garrett, 1879? CONCH-L archives.
4. ^Hoover, K. (28 January 2011). Shell Museum Unveils New Exhibit of Record-Size Shells. Ocean's Reach.
5. ^Yong, E. (13 January 2015). How Big Are The Biggest Squid, Whales, Sharks, Jellyfish? Phenomena: Not Exactly Rocket Science.
6. ^Estes, J.A., D.R. Lindberg & C. Wray (2005). Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): patterns and implications. Paleobiology 31(4): 591–606. {{DOI|10.1666/04059.1}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹WRS Rules. wrs-shells.com.
8. ^¹Hursh, K. (30 May 2012). Headout: Show and Shell. Willamette Week.
9. ^McRary, A. (6 June 2010). McClung displays record-setting shell collection. Knoxville News Sentinel.
10. ^Shells: Gems of the Sea. McClung Museum of Natural History & Culture.
11. ^Poppe, G. (25 June 2006). Re: LARGE SHELLS. CONCH-L archives.
12. ^Eichhorst, T. (21 June 2006). Re: LARGE SHELLS. CONCH-L archives.
13. ^¹²Największe muszle morskie – rekordy wielkości. Concha. {{pl icon}}
14. ^[Anonymous] (July 1982). This may be the world's biggest. Hawaiian Shell News 30(7): 12.
15. ^Taylor, J.D. & E.A. Glover (2003). Food of giants – field observations on the diet of Syrinx aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Turbinellidae) the largest living gastropod. In: F.E. Wells, D.I. Walker & D.S. Jones (eds.) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth. pp. 217–223.
16. ^¹McClain, C. (5 May 2014). Sleuthing the Largest Snail. Deep Sea News.
17. ^McClain, C.R., M.A. Balk, M.C. Benfield, T.A. Branch, C. Chen, J. Cosgrove, A.D.M. Dove, L.C. Gaskins, R.R. Helm, F.G. Hochberg, F.B. Lee, A. Marshall, S.E. McMurray, C. Schanche, S.N. Stone & A.D. Thaler (13 January 2015). Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna. PeerJ 3: e715. {{DOI|10.7717/peerj.715}}
18. ^Jung, P. (December 1987). Giant gastropods of the genus Campanile from the Caribbean Eocene. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 80(3): 889–896. {{DOI|10.5169/seals-166030}}
19. ^García, E.F. (28 September 2009). Book Review: Marine Shells of Northeast Florida. The Nautilus 123(3): 220–222.
20. ^Scheu, L. (11 March 1999). World Record Size Shells and Measuring. CONCH-L archives.
21. ^¹[Anonymous] (1968). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32159046 Lost Operculum Club List]. The Echo 1968: 31–39.
22. ^¹²Groves, L.T. & J.H. McLean (2001). Bertram C. Draper 1904–2000. The Festivus 33(6): 63–65.
23. ^A Brief History of the Conchological Club of Southern California. Docstoc.
24. ^¹²³Allen, L. (3 January 2005). WRS Book (World Record Size Shells). CONCH-L archives.
25. ^Transfer of World Record Size Shells Registry. Topseashells.
26. ^Quiquandon, P. (8 March 2009). REGISTRY OF WRS SHELLS MARCH 2009. CONCH-L archives.
27. ^[Anonymous] (1989). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32901361 Natural history books 1989]. Shells and Sea Life 21: 1–93.
28. ^Wagner, R.J.L. (February 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(2): 9.
—. (April 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(4): 6.
—. (May 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(5): 4.
—. (June 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(6): 6.
—. (August 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(8): 6.
—. (October 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(10): 12.
—. (November 1988). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 36(11): 10.
—. (January 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(1): 6.
—. (February 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(2): 14.
—. (March 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(3): 12.
—. (April 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(4): 5.
—. (May 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(5): 7.
—. (July 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(7): 8.
—. (August 1989). World Size Records. Hawaiian Shell News 37(8): 4.
29. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶Rosenberg, G. & G. Everson (1997). Book Reviews: Registry of World Record Size Shells by Kim C. Hutsell, Linda L. Hutsell and Donald L. Pisor. Conchologists of America.
30. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/6OdKD4oFH Registry of World Record Size Shells - 2014]. MdM Shells & Books. [Archived from [http://www.mdmshellbooks.com/Registry-of-World-Record-Size-Shells--2014_p_621.html the original] on 6 April 2014.]