词条 | System of systems |
释义 |
System of systems is a collection of task-oriented or dedicated systems that pool their resources and capabilities together to create a new, more complex system which offers more functionality and performance than simply the sum of the constituent systems. Currently, systems of systems is a critical research discipline for which frames of reference, thought processes, quantitative analysis, tools, and design methods are incomplete.[1] The methodology for defining, abstracting, modeling, and analyzing system of systems problems is typically referred to as system of systems engineering. OverviewCommonly proposed descriptions—not necessarily definitions—of systems of systems,[2] are outlined below in order of their appearance in the literature:
Taken together, all these descriptions suggest that a complete system of systems engineering framework is needed to improve decision support for system of systems problems. Specifically, an effective system of systems engineering framework is needed to help decision makers to determine whether related infrastructure, policy and/or technology considerations as an interrelated whole are good, bad or neutral over time.[10] The need to solve system of systems problems is urgent not only because of the growing complexity of today's challenges, but also because such problems require large monetary and resource investments with multi-generational consequences. System-of-systems topicsThe system-of-systems approachWhile the individual systems constituting a system of systems can be very different and operate independently, their interactions typically expose and deliver important emergent properties. These emergent patterns have an evolving nature that stakeholders must recognize, analyze and understand. The system of systems approach does not advocate particular tools, methods or practices; instead, it promotes a new way of thinking for solving grand challenges where the interactions of technology, policy, and economics are the primary drivers. System of systems study is related to the general study of designing, complexity and systems engineering, but also brings to the fore the additional challenge of design. Systems of systems typically exhibit the behaviors of complex systems, but not all complex problems fall in the realm of systems of systems. Inherent to system of systems problems are several combinations of traits, not all of which are exhibited by every such problem:[11][12]
The first five traits are known as Maier's criteria[13] for identifying system of systems challenges. The remaining three traits have been proposed from the study of mathematical implications of modeling and analyzing system of systems challenges by Dr. Daniel DeLaurentis[14] and his co-researchers at Purdue University.[15] ResearchCurrent research into effective approaches to system of systems problems includes:
ApplicationsSystems of systems, while still being investigated predominantly in the defense sector, is also seeing application in such fields as national air and auto transportation[23] and space exploration. Other fields where it can be applied include health care, design of the Internet, software integration, and energy management[19] and power systems.[24] Educational institutions and industryCollaboration among wide array of organizations is helping to drive development of defining system of systems problem class and methodology for modeling and analysis of system of systems problems. There are ongoing projects throughout many commercial entities, research institutions, academic programs, and government agences. Major stakeholders in the development of this concept are:
For example, DoD recently established the National Centers for System of Systems Engineering[25] to develop a formal methodology for system-of-systems engineering for applications in defense-related projects. In another example, according to the Exploration Systems Architecture Study, NASA established the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) organization to lead the development of a new exploration “system-of-systems” to accomplish the goals outlined by President G.W. Bush in the 2004 Vision for Space Exploration. A number of research projects and support actions, sponsored by the European Commission, are currently in progress. These target Strategic Objective IST-2011.3.3 in the FP7 ICT Work Programme (New paradigms for embedded systems, monitoring and control towards complex systems engineering). This objective has a specific focus on the "design, development and engineering of System-of-Systems". These projects include :
See also
References1. ^Popper, S., Bankes, S., Callaway, R., and DeLaurentis, D., System-of-Systems Symposium: Report on a Summer Conversation, July 21–22, 2004, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Arlington, VA. 2. ^collected partly from: Jamshidi, M., "System-of-Systems Engineering - A Definition," IEEE SMC 2005, 10-12 Oct. 2005. 3. ^Manthorpe Jr., W.H., "The Emerging Joint System-of-Systems: A Systems Engineering Challenge and Opportunity for APL," Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, Vol. 17, No. 3 (1996), pp. 305–310. 4. ^Kotov, V. "Systems-of-Systems as Communicating Structures," Hewlett Packard Computer Systems Laboratory Paper HPL-97-124, (1997), pp. 1–15. 5. ^Luskasik, S.J. "Systems, Systems-of-Systems, and the Education of Engineers," Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1998), pp. 55-60. 6. ^Pei, R.S., "Systems-of-Systems Integration (SoSI) – A Smart Way of Acquiring Army C4I2WS Systems," Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference, (2000), pp. 574-579. 7. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Sage | first1 = A.P. | last2 = Cuppan | first2 = C.D. | year = 2001 | title = On the Systems Engineering and Management of Systems of Systems and Federations of Systems | url = | journal = Information, Knowledge, Systems Management | volume = 2 | issue = 4| pages = 325–345 }} 8. ^Carlock, P.G., and R.E. Fenton. "System-of-Systems (SoS) Enterprise Systems for Information-Intensive Organizations," Systems Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4 (2001), pp. 242-261. 9. ^DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123. {{cite journal | last1 = DeLaurentis | first1 = D. A. | last2 = Callaway | first2 = R. K. | year = 2004 | title = A System of Systems Perspective for Future Public Policy | journal = Review of Policy Research | volume = 21 | issue = 6| pages = 829–837 | doi=10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00111.x}} 10. ^ DeLaurentis, D., Callaway, R.K., "A System-of-Systems Perspective for Public Policy Decisions," Review of Public Policy Research, Vol. 21, Issue 6, Nov. 2004, pp. 829-837. 11. ^[https://engineering.purdue.edu/people/daniel.a.delaurentis.1/index_files/Page356.htm] DeLaurentis, D., "Research Foundations," School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2007. 12. ^Boardman, John, DiMario, Michael, Sauser, Brian, Verma, Dinesh, "System of Systems Characteristics and Interoperability in Joint Command and Control", Defense Acquisition University, 25–26 July 2006 13. ^{{cite journal | last = Maier | first = M.W. | authorlink = | title = Architecting Principles for System of Systems | journal = Systems Engineering | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 267–284 | year = 1998 | language = | url = http://www.infoed.com/Open/PAPERS/systems.htm | jstor = | issn = | doi =10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = 2012-12-13}} 14. ^DeLaurentis, D. "Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Design Problem," 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 10–13, 2005. AIAA-2005-0123. 15. ^[https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/Signature/SoS/] "Systems of Systems (SoS)," College of Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2007. 16. ^[https://engineering.purdue.edu/people/daniel.a.delaurentis.1/index_files/Page439.htm] DeLaurentis D., "System of Systems Definition and Vocabulary," School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2007. 17. ^Jara, F. (1998, July 24). Visualization systems. Retrieved from web http://www.cs.uml.edu/~fjara/thesis/active/proposal/node6.html on 16 Nov 2011 18. ^Mosleh M., Ludlow P., Heydari B., [https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sys.21342 "Distributed Resource Management in System of Systems: An Architecture Perspective"], Systems Engineering, 2016 19. ^1 Curry, Edward. 2012. "System of Systems Information Interoperability Using a Linked Dataspace." In IEEE 7th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE 2012), 101–106. 20. ^Gianni, D., (2015, Jan). Data Policy Definition and Verification for System of Systems Governance, in Modeling and Simulation Support for System of Systems Engineering 21. ^1 COMPASS Research Project 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://geoffboeing.com/publications/systems-methods-analyzing-requirements/|author=Beck, A., Boeing, G., & Shannon, D.|title=Systems and Methods for Analyzing Requirements. US Patent 8650186|date=2014|accessdate=2016-03-17}} 23. ^Parker, J. (2010) "Applying a system of systems approach for improved transportation". S.A.P.I.EN.S. 3 (2) 24. ^Kremers, E., Viejo, P., Barambones, O., Durana, J., (2010). A Complex Systems Modelling Approach for Decentralised Simulation of Electrical Microgrids. Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCS.2010.1 25. ^National Centers for System-of-Systems Engineering 26. ^Trans-Atlantic Research and Education Agenda on Systems of Systems 27. ^Designing for Adaptability and evolutioN in System of systemsEngineering 28. ^Roadmaps for SoS Engineering 29. ^Dynamic Management of Physically-coupled Systems Of Systems (DYMASOS) 30. ^Architecture for Multi-criticality Agile Dependable Evolutionary Open System-of-Systems (AMADEOS) Further reading
| last = Maier | first = M.W. | authorlink = | title = Architecting Principles for System of Systems | journal = Systems Engineering | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 267–284 | year = 1998 | language = | url = http://www.infoed.com/Open/PAPERS/systems.htm | jstor = | issn = | doi =10.1002/(sici)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::aid-sys3>3.0.co;2-d | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = 2012-12-13}}
External links
|url=http://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2010/03/the-internet-of-things.html |title= A Smarter Planet blog - The Internet of Things and System of Systems |publisher=IBM }}
2 : Systems engineering|Systems theory |
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