| 词条 | Renewable energy in Afghanistan |
| 释义 |
Another form of renewable energy in Afghanistan is biogas.[7] With the start of biogas, communities have begun to feel the benefits beyond that of the environment through capacity building as well.[7] Afghanistan has progressed in the last decade in becoming self sustainable with its use of energy. But it still imports significant amount of electricity from neighboring Tajikistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan.[4] It is known that "the three countries also agreed to set up a joint commission to explore possibilities into the transfer of 500 Kilo Watts of energy from Tajikistan to Afghanistan and Iran".[5] Solar powerThe use of solar power is rapidly increasing throughout Afghanistan.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Annual average solar insolation varies from 4 to 6.5 kWh/m2/day, with over 300 days of sunshine per year. Biomass energyTraditional biomass energy has supplied up to 90% of energy demand,[15] such as from firewood and dung.[16][17][18] BiogasBiogas can be used in many different countries with the same function and uses. The renewable energy sector in Afghanistan is growing today through biogas.[17] The "use of biogas produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic material. This biogas typically contains equal amounts of CH4 and CO2."[19] When biogas is converted in the right way, that is when the renewable energy and resource is possible deriving the hydrogen from the waste.[17] Biogas "decompose municipal solid wastes anaerobically and landfill gas to energy projects that directly combust the landfill gas are being implemented."[19] The strength of biogas is incredible, it has been proven that the "biogas energy corridor can work as a good substitute for nearly 70% of the country's population residing in rural areas. Installation of plants to bottle the biogas can be additional opportunity. The need of a national policy is imperative to bring this technology at farmer's doorstep."[20] The renewable energy that this brings is very strong through reducing the carbon footprint of each community immeasurably.[17] The system of biogas also creates immense potential for capacity building through the community connectedness that goes into the process.[19] The teamwork is inevitable that comes from this initiative which begins with an exchange of knowledge, both shared and new. Then capacity building can begin to form contributing to resources and market development growing rapidly.[17] Advocacy for all parties is the only way for effective participatory renewable energy to be made.[21] The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) spoke on the topic when the Country Program Manager of Afghanistan had this to say, UNEP is pleased to endorse the vision and mission of the Biogas Consortium Afghanistan. The majority of the population of Afghanistan uses firewood and coal for their cooking and heating needs; more sustainable energy options are required. […] UNEP has committed to providing higher-level guidance, helping the consortium align its activities towards national policies and strategies. UNEP shall also advocate the benefits and studies that arise from the consortiums work in biogas in Afghanistan[21] Hydropower{{See also|Geography of Afghanistan|list of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan}}Afghanistan has significant hydro resources with the river catchment area of 677,900 km2, annual average rainfall of 300 mm and wide spread hilly topography.[4] Currently there is a 304 MW installed capacity of electricity generated by hydropower, in which 183 MW are in operation.The current system in place in Afghanistan though it works well, is not without its flaws. As Yasah et al. contend, "the common strategy is currently to build micro-hydropower facilities to power single bulbs and maybe a water boiler for the whole community. Such constructions will not deliver sufficient power for electric ovens etc., grid electricity will not stretch out to the rural areas of Afghanistan in the near decades."[3] That being said, hydropower and hydro-eergy are some of the best options that are currently in place. The geographical location of Afghanistan is extremely mountainous which makes the implementation of Hydropower an easier choice though not much has been created and implemented yet.[2] Acknowledging how low Afghanistan's ecological footprint is in terms of their energy consumption talking about a worldwide standpoint, it is not a current possibility to have enough energy.[4] In fact, "the country has 75 billion cubic meters of potentially available renewable water resources are also the main source of recharge for groundwater as precipitation is low in Afghanistan".[2] Water has become such a precious commodity across the globe that makes having an abundance of it, as a natural resource is a fortunate reality for Afghanistan.[2] That being said it is also contended that even though these ideas and proposals for hydro energy would work and have positive effects, the necessary work that is a project such as hydro energy.[2][3] Wind powerWind power is not the most commonly used tool in Afghanistan for renewable energy though there are vast opportunities. It is contended that the areas which would produce the most wind energy and would benefit the most are in Western Afghanistan and some areas in the Northern region as well.[22] See also{{Portal|Afghanistan|Energy}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Presentation_-%20Ashraf.pdf|date=25 January 2010|title=Energy Sector Afghanistan | Importance of Renewable Energy for Afghanistan | Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development|author=Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahman Ashraf|accessdate=2014-08-23}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 Ahmad, Masood, and Mahwash Wasiq. Water Resource Development in Northern Afghanistan and Its Implication for Amu Darya Basin. 36th ed. United States of America: World Bank, 2004. Google Books. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. 3. ^1 2 Yarash, Nasratullah, Paul Smith, and Katja Mielke. "The Fuel Economy of Mountain Villages in Ishkamish and Burka (Northeast Afghanistan). Rural Subsistence and Urban Marketing Patterns." Working Paper Series 9 (2010): 20-50. Zentrum Für Entwicklungsforschung Center for Development Research. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Mainali|first1=Brijesh|last2=Silveira|first2=Semida|title=Alternative pathways for providing access to electricity in developing countries|journal=Renewable Energy|date=September 2013|volume=57|pages=299–310|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.057}} 5. ^Institute for the Study of War (ISW). "Tajikistan and Afghanistan." Institute for the Study of War. 2007. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. 6. ^1 {{cite news|title=First-ever Kabul solar energy plant goes functional|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/05/22/first-ever-kabul-solar-energy-plant-goes-functional|publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News|date=May 22, 2018|accessdate=2019-04-01}} 7. ^1 {{cite news|title=First-ever solar-wind power plant goes functional in Herat|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/09/17/first-ever-solar-wind-power-plant-goes-functional-herat|publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=2019-04-02}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Eastern Provinces To Get Solar Energy Boost|url=https://www.tolonews.com/business/eastern-provinces-get-solar-energy-boost|publisher=TOLOnews|date=April 14, 2018|accessdate=2019-04-02}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=Solar power in Afghanistan to get $44.76 million boost|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/27/solar-power-in-afghanistan-to-get-44-point-76-million-boost.html|publisher=CNBC|last=Frangoul|first=Anmar|date=November 27, 2017|accessdate=2019-04-01}} 10. ^*[https://renewablesnow.com/news/private-firms-to-build-30-mw-solar-park-in-afghanistan-602217/ Private firms to build 30-MW solar park in Afghanistan] 11. ^[https://www.pv-tech.org/news/zularistan-and-turkeys-77-each-bag-15mw-solar-projects-in-kandahar-afghanis Two EPCs each bag 15MW solar projects in Kandahar, Afghanistan] 12. ^[https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/10_MW_Kandahar_Solar_Power_Plant.pdf 10 MW Kandahar Solar Power Plant] 13. ^[https://www.itgholding.com/news/405/ecosys-implements-the-hybrid-solar-and-wind-power-plant-in-herat-province-afghanistan-/ ECOsys Implements the Hybrid Solar and Wind Power Plant in Herat Province-Afghanistan] 14. ^Solar powered hatchery in Balkh to increase poultry production 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/49358.pdf|date=January 2011|title=Assessment of Biomass Resources in Afghanistan|pages=4|publisher=www.nrel.gov|location=United States|accessdate=2019-04-02}} 16. ^[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241965457_Assessment_of_Biomass_Resources_in_Afghanistan Assessment of Biomass Resources in Afghanistan] 17. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 *{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlApclilwBA|title=UNDP Biogas Systems Turn Manure into Cheap, Clean Power|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|date=September 21, 2016}}*{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6cisH_rpeU|title=Biogas technology introduced to Bamyan, Afghanistan|publisher=Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA)|date=August 28, 2014}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Afghanistan Sustainable Energy for Rural Development (ASERD)|url=http://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/projects/ASERD.html|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|year=2019|accessdate=2019-04-02}} 19. ^1 2 Barrai, Frederico, Tracy Jackson, Noah Whitmore, and Marco J. Castaldi. "The Role of Carbon Deposition on Precious Metal Catalyst Activity during Dry Reforming of Biogas." Catalysis Today 129.3-4 (2007): 391-96. Elsevier. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. 20. ^Amjid, Syed, Muhammad Q. Bilal, Muhammad S. Nazir, and Atlaf Hussain. "Biogas, Renewable Energy Resource for Pakistan." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: 2833-837. Elsevier. 20 Feb. 2011. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. 21. ^1 BORDA Afghanistan. "BORDA and HELP to Initiate the "Biogas Consortium Afghanistan"." Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association. 9 July 2014. Web. 28 Jan. 2016. 22. ^Elliott, Dennis. "Wind Resource Assessment and Mapping for Afghanistan and Pakistan." South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy Integration. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June 2007. Web. 30 Jan. 2016. External links{{Commons category-inline}}
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