| 词条 | São Paulo Railway Company | ||||||
| 释义 |
The São Paulo Railway Company (SPR, nickname Ingleza, transl.: The English[1]) was a privately owned British railway company in Brazil, which operated the {{RailGauge|1600mm|lk=on}} gauge railway from the seaport at Santos via São Paulo to Jundiaí. The company was nationalised in 1946 and became the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí. The São Paulo Railway consists of three parts:
Three different systems have been used to climbs the steep grade between Piassaguera and Paranapiacaba:
PlanningIn 1859, a group of people led by the Barão de Mauá convinced the Brazilian government that it was important to construct a railroad connecting São Paulo to the seaport at Santos. The main purpose of the project was the transport of the coffee grown on the inland plateau to the Atlantic coast for export. The biggest difficulty was the task to overcome the steep east slope of the 800-meter high Serra do Mar, which was considered to be nearly impracticable. Therefore, Barão de Mauá asked England to clarify the feasibility of a railway line for locomotive hauled trains within a budget limit of 200,000 £. The biggest technician for this subject was consulted: the Scottish railroad engineer James Brunlees.[2][3] Brunlees visited Brazil and considered that the project was feasible. He recommended the engineer Daniel Makinson Fox to Barão de Mauá for the execution of the project. Fox was at that time only 26 years old but had experience in the construction of railways through the mountains of northern Wales and the hillsides of the Pyrenees. He realised that the railway can only climb the slope in the Serra do Mar if a {{convert|5|mi|km|0|adj=on}} long incline system is built. An adhesion railway would have used {{convert|26|mi|km}} to overcome the slope and would have also overrun the 200,000 £ budget.[3] ConstructionDaniel Fox's proposal for the railway line from Santos to Jundiaí including the incline system was approved by Brunlees and the São Paulo Railway Company (SPR) was established to build the railway system and operate it for 90 years.[4] Since the capital of the company was mainly British also the official company name was in English, not Portuguese. The railway company contracted with Robert Sharpe & Sons to acquire the land, execute the works, and supply all rolling stock and plant.[5] Construction on the {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} long adhesion railway Santos – Piassagüera began on 15 March 1860 and on the incline system in the year 1861.[4] The road was constructed without explosives, since it was felt that the slopes are very unstable. The rock was excavated only with plug and feathers. Embankments of {{convert|3 to 20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height were constructed to protect the tracks from the frequent torrential rains in the area, which used about {{convert|230000|m3|cuyd}} rocks. The line did not have any tunnels.[3] In spite of all the difficulties, the construction finished 10 months ahead of the date specified in the contract, which was eight years. The São Paulo Railway was opened on 1867-02-16.[3] Serra Velha – the first incline systemThe part of the route climbing the Serra do Mar consisted of four 10.3% grade cable railway sections with the following length:[2]
At each section the wagons were attached to a steel wire rope with the help of a special fitted brake van called Serrabreque (transl.: Hill Brake).[6] The steel cables was driven by a stationary steam winding engine at the top end of the section, where a {{convert|75|m|ft}} extension with a 1.3% grade was also fitted, so that the wagons could be led to the next section.[2] The incline system was later called Serra Velha (transl.: Old Mountain) to distinguish it from the later built second incline system called Serra Nova. Serra Nova – the second incline systemThe large volume of coffee shipments and the growth of the cities in the São Paulo region required more transport capacity. Therefore, construction of a second incline system started in 1895. The new line runs parallel to the already existing one in about {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} distance. It had five sections using continuous steel wire ropes which were moved by stationary {{convert|1000|hp|kW|abbr=on}} steam engines. Each section was about {{convert|2000|m|ft}} long and had a grade of 8%. Two to three wagons have been coupled to the rope with the help of small locomotives fitted with grip engaging with the cable. These locomotives were also able to handle the wagons in the terminal station and between the sections, so that the operation of the incline system was facilitated. The locomotives have been called Locobreque (transl.: Locomotive Brake). In case the weight of the wagons to be lifted was too heavy compared to the wagons lowered at the same time, tank cars filled with water were used to counterbalance the system. The incline system was used in revenue service till 1982.[4] ProtestsIn 1889, the first protests were made against the British monopoly over the route to Porto de Santos, which culminated in the construction of Mairinque-Santos in 1910, for Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana. NationalisationOn 1946-09-13, the railroad was nationalised by the Brazilian government, and renamed the Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí, and on 1948-09-27, it was merged with most of the other Brazilian railways in to the Rede Ferroviária Federal SA (RFFSA). Sistema Cremalheira-Aderência – the Rack-and-adhesion railwayIn the 1970s (well after it had been renamed), the haulage system was replaced by an Abt rack system which was installed by the Japanese firm Marubeni. The locomotives for this changeover had been constructed by Hitachi with the help of SLM and are working with 3 kV DC supplied by an overhead lines. See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Piassagüera |url=http://www.estacoesferroviarias.com.br/p/piassaguera.htm |date=9 March 2009 |work=Estações Ferroviárias do Brasil|accessdate=19 July 2009}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=História da São Paulo Railway |url=http://www.novomilenio.inf.br/santos/h0102n.htm |language = Portuguese|year=1996 |work=História de Santos/Poliantéia Santista |publisher=Caudex Ltda |accessdate=19 July 2009}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=A Gateway to Brazil |url=http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r059.html |date=May 2009 |work= Mike's Railway History|accessdate=19 July 2009}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Museu Tecnológico Ferroviário – Paranapiacaba |url=http://www.abpfsp.com.br/museu_ferroviario_paranapiacaba.htm |language = Portuguese|publisher=Associação Brasileira de Preservação Ferroviária |accessdate=19 July 2009}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Richard |year=1968 |title=Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil 1850–1914 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page= 62|isbn=0-521-07078-3}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=A Locobreque ("Brake-Van") Used in the Serra Funicular Line |url=http://www.pell.chi.il.us/~efbrazil/locobreque.html |work=Estrada de Ferro Santos a Jundiaí|publisher=Antonio Augusto Gorni |accessdate=19 July 2009}} External links
5 : Transport in São Paulo|Railway companies of Brazil|5 ft 3 in gauge railways in Brazil|Railway lines in Brazil|Rack railways in Brazil |
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