词条 | Residual income valuation |
释义 |
ConceptThe underlying idea is that investors require a rate of return from their resources – i.e. equity – under the control of the firm's management, compensating them for their opportunity cost and accounting for the level of risk resulting. This rate of return is the cost of equity, and a formal equity cost must be subtracted from net income. Consequently, to create shareholder value, management must generate returns at least as great as this cost. Thus, although a company may report a profit on its income statement, it may actually be economically unprofitable; see Economic profit. It is thus possible that a value deemed positive using a traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) approach may be negative here. RI-based valuation is therefore a valuable complement to more traditional techniques. Calculation of residual incomeThe cost of equity is typically calculated using the CAPM, although other approaches such as APT are also used. The currency charge to be subtracted is then simply Equity Charge = Equity Capital x Cost of Equity, and Residual income = Net Income − Equity Charge. Valuation formulaUsing the residual income approach, the value of a company's stock can be calculated as the sum of its book value and the present value of its expected future residual income, discounted at the cost of equity, , resulting in the general formula: Here various adjustments to the balance sheet book value may be required;[2] see Clean surplus accounting. Typically, the above formula will be applied such that the company is assumed to achieve maturity, or "constant growth". (Note that the value will remain identical: the adjustment is a "telescoping" device). Here, analysts commonly employ the Perpetuity Growth Model to calculate the corresponding terminal value[3] (although various, more formal approaches are also applied[4]). Then, assuming long-run, "constant", growth from year , the terminal value is , and the RI valuation would then be: . Comparison with other valuation methodsAs can be seen, the residual income valuation formula is similar to the dividend discount model (DDM) (and to other discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation models), substituting future residual earnings for dividend (or free cash) payments (and the cost of equity for the weighted average cost of capital). However, the RI-based approach is most appropriate when a firm is not paying dividends or exhibits an unpredictable dividend pattern, and / or when it has negative free cash flow many years out, but is expected to generate positive cash flow at some point in the future. Further, value is recognized earlier under the RI approach, since a large part of the stock's intrinsic value is recognized immediately – current book value per share – and residual income valuations are thus less sensitive to terminal value.[5] At the same time, in addition to the accounting considerations mentioned above, the RI approach will not generally hold if there are expected changes in shares outstanding or if the firm plans to bring in "new" shareholders who derive a net benefit from their capital contributions.[6] Although EVA is similar to residual income, there will be technical differences between EVA and RI, specifically Stern Stewart & Co, originators of EVA, recommend a fairly large number of adjustments to NOPAT before the methodology may be applied.[7][8] See {{sectionlink|Economic value added|Comparison with other approaches}}. See also
Notes1. ^ 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ftsmodules.com/public/texts/valuationtutor/VTchp8/topic10/topic10.htm|title=8.10 Application IBM Step 1: Estimating Book Value|website=www.ftsmodules.com|accessdate=2 October 2018}} 3. ^http://www.bus.sfu.ca/homes/poitras/jacced_resinc_01.pdf 4. ^ 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.analystnotes.com/browse_los.php?id=15826|title=December 2018 CFA Level 1: Study Session List|first=The AnalystNotes CFA|last=Team|website=www.analystnotes.com|accessdate=2 October 2018}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://ewalsh1.ucd.ie/acctheory/acctheorycourse/lecture2%20Mats/ohlson.pdf |title=Val22 |date= |accessdate=2018-10-02}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://maaw.info/Chapter14.htm|title=Management Accounting: Chapter 14|first=James R.|last=Martin|website=maaw.info|accessdate=2 October 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.analystforum.com/forums/cfa-forums/cfa-level-ii-forum/91309816|title=EVA/Economic Profit Vs. Residual Income - AnalystForum|website=www.analystforum.com|accessdate=2 October 2018}} External links and referencesPrimary references
Other references
2 : Valuation (finance)|Fundamental analysis |
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