词条 | Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Various laws in the United States regulate the use of mobile phones and other electronics by motorists. Different states take different approaches. Some laws affect only novice drivers or commercial drivers, while some laws affect all drivers. Some laws target handheld devices only, while other laws affect both handheld and handsfree devices. Regulatory lawsThe laws regulating driving (or distracted driving) may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement by state, county or local authorities.[1] All State-level cell phone use laws in the United States are of the primary enforcement type—meaning an officer may cite a driver for using a hand-held cell phone without any other traffic offense having taken place—except in some cases involving newer (or "novice"), drivers.[2] In the case of secondary enforcement, a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a cell phone use violation if the driver has committed another primary violation (such as speeding, failure to stop, etc.) at the same time. A federal transportation funding law passed in July 2012, known as the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), provided $17.5 million in grants during fiscal year 2013 for states with primary enforcement laws against distracted driving, including laws prohibiting cell phone use while driving. States with secondary enforcement laws or no laws at all are ineligible to receive this grant funding.[3][4] Laws by stateNo state bans all cell phone use for all drivers. However, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia (plus Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands) prohibit all drivers from using hand-held cell phones while driving. Thirty-six states and Washington, D.C. ban all cell phone use by newer drivers, while 19 states and Washington, D.C. prohibit any cell phone use by school bus drivers if children are present.[2]
Preemption LawsOften, local authorities pass their own distracted driving bans—most include the use of cell phones while driving. Several states (Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Oklahoma) have prohibited localities from enacting their own laws regarding cell phone use.[2] Cost of distracted drivingA 2014 report from the National Safety Council, which compiles data on injuries and fatalities from 2013 and earlier, concluded that use of mobile phones caused 26% of U.S. car accidents.[23] Just 5% of mobile phone-related accidents in the U.S. involved texting: "The majority of the accidents involve drivers distracted while talking on handheld or hands-free cellphones."[23] The U.S. Department of Transportation has established an official website to combat distracted driving, Distraction.gov.[24] In 2010, the State Farm insurance company stated that mobile phone use annually resulted in: 636,000 crashes, 330,000 personal injuries, 12,000 major injuries, 2,700 deaths, and $43 billion in damages.[25] See also
References1. ^State Laws; G"overnment: Get the Facts;" retrieved April 2013 2. ^1 2 Cellphone Laws; GHSA on line; retrieved April 30, 2013 3. ^{{citation |author= National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) |title=U.S. Department of Transportation Announces New Federal Grant Program to Help States Fight Distracted Driving |date= August 22, 2012 |url= http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Press+Releases/U.S.+Department+of+Transportation+Announces+New+Federal+Grant+Program+to+Help+States+Fight+Distracted+Driving |accessdate=August 30, 2013}} 4. ^{{citation |author= American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) |title= States Vie for New Federal Funding to Help End Distracted Driving |date=August 24, 2012 |work= AASHTO Journal |url= http://www.aashtojournal.org/Pages/082412distracted.aspx |accessdate= August 30, 2013}} 5. ^Cell Phone Driving Bans...; PC World; retrieved May 01, 2013 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 Cellular Phone Use and Texting While Driving Laws; NCSL online; accessed October 4, 2016 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 {{cite web |url= http://www.letstalk.com/viewArticle.htm?artId=25 |title= Cell Phone Driving Laws by State|author=Let's Talk |date=May 1, 2013 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121226175531/http://www.letstalk.com/viewArticle.htm?artId=25 |archivedate= December 26, 2012}} 8. ^1 {{citation |last=Busek |first= Amy |title=Law bans driver's use of cellphone |date=May 21, 2013 |newspaper= Honolulu Star-Advertiser |url= http://www.staradvertiser.com/newspremium/20130521__Law_bans_drivers_use_of_cellphone.html |accessdate= July 22, 2013}} {{subscription required}} 9. ^Cell Phone Laws; Insurance institute for Highway Safety; retrieved April 2013 10. ^https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGE/87/SF234.pdf 11. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2017/04/17/branstad-signs-legislation-targeting-impaired-distracted-drivers/100563314/|title=It's official: Texting while driving in Iowa can get you pulled over — and even land you in prison|work=Des Moines Register|access-date=2017-06-25|language=en}} 12. ^https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=87&ba=SF%20444 13. ^New Bill Makes Talking On Handheld Cell Phone While Driving Primary Offense; March 03, 2013 article; CBS Baltimore; retrieved May 01, 2013 14. ^Handheld Cell Phone Ban {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513030903/http://www.nevadadot.com/Traveler_Info/Safety/Handheld_Cell_Phone_Ban.aspx |date=2013-05-13 }}; Nevada DOT online; retrieved May 01, 2013 15. ^[The New Jersey Driver Manual] 16. ^Cell Phone; NYS: Department of Motor Vehicles on line; retrieved April 2013 17. ^Ticketing begins on state law prohibiting cellphone use by young drivers: Road Rant; February 28, 2013 article; by John Horton; at The Plain Dealer; retrieved April 2013 18. ^http://handsfreeinfo.com/14089-south-carolina-texting/ 19. ^http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-55/chapter-8/55-8-199 20. ^[https://www.dallasnews.com/news/transportation/2017/08/31/need-know-texas-texting-driving-ban-starts-sept-1] What you need to know about Texas' texting and driving ban; Dallas News accessed September 2017 21. ^Morning Commuters Mostly Stow Cellphones; Burlington Freepress on line; accessed October 2016 22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://wisconsindot.gov/Documents/dmv/shared/cell.pdf|title=Wisconsin Department of Transportation|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 23. ^1 Gabrielle Kratsas, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/03/28/cellphone-use-1-in-4-car-crashes/7018505/ Cellphone use causes over 1 in 4 car accidents], USA Today (March 28, 2014). 24. ^Distraction.gov, U.S. Department of Transportation. 25. ^Cell Phone Use While Driving; State Farm – Learning Center; retrieved May 01, 2013 Further reading
5 : Hazardous motor vehicle activities|Road safety|United States law-related lists|Vehicle law|Mobile phone culture |
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