| 词条 | Ta'anit |
| 释义 |
A ta'anit (taanis in Ashkenaz pronunciation, or taʿanith in Classical Hebrew) is a fast in Judaism in which one abstains from all food and drink, including water. A Jewish fast may have one or more purposes, including:
Jewish fast daysFull fastsA Jewish full fast lasts from sunset to darkness the following night. There are two Jewish full fast days:
The two full fast days carry four restrictions in addition to eating and drinking - one may not wash his body, wear leather shoes, use colognes, oils or perfumes, or have sexual relations. Yom Kippur also has all the restrictions of Shabbat, and Tisha B'Av has restrictions somewhat similar to a mourner sitting shiva. The Halakha status of the two Jewish full fasts is that they are obligatory.[1] Minor fastsMinor fasts are observed from dawn to nightfall, without additional restrictions. There are four public minor fasts:
Three of the four minor fasts (all but the Fast of Esther) are mentioned in the Bible[2] as fasts in memory of the destruction of the First Temple. However, after the Second Temple was built, these fasts ceased to be observed.[3] The Talmud establishes general rules for observance of the fasts in later periods: if the Temple stands the fasts are not observed; if the Jewish people is being persecuted the fasts are observed; if neither of those is the case, then "should they desire, they fast, should they desire not to, they do not fast."[4] Nowadays, the Jewish people are accustomed to observing these fasts, making them obligatory.[3][5][6] Four fastsThere are four Jewish fast that exist, in all or in part, in commemoration of events having to do with the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple:[1][7]
Customary fastsCustomary fasts are practiced by specific communities, or by especially pious individuals, or by certain classes of individuals.
Customarily, special prayers called selichot are added in the morning prayer services on many of these days. Break the fastA break the fast is a meal that takes places following a fast. After Yom Kippur, it is viewed as a festive meal. The tendency is to overeat after a fast, but this should be avoided. Since the digestive system slows down during fasting, heavy foods such as meat are liable to cause indigestion. Therefore, many Jews are religiously accustomed to eating dairy foods after a fast. Eating light, dairy foods in moderation is considered healthier. See also
References1. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Bar-Hayim|first1=David|title=The Four Fasts: Halakha or Minhagh|url=http://www.machonshilo.org/en/eng/list-audio-shiurim/41-audiohalakha/315-the-four-fasts-halakha-or-minhagh|accessdate=28 September 2017|publisher=Machon Shilo|date=6 July 2009}} 2. ^Zechariah 8:19 3. ^1 https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/05-07-01/ 4. ^Rosh Hashana 18b 5. ^https://www.etzion.org.il/en/laws-fasts-status-four-fasts-today 6. ^The Rosh writes that this decision is made on a communal level, and individuals may not deviate. Similarly, the Ritva writes that the decision whether to fast is made by the beit din. Maimonides writes that "all of Israel are accustomed to fast" on these days (Laws of Fasts 5:5). See [https://www.etzion.org.il/en/laws-fasts-status-four-fasts-today discussion] of these positions. However, R' David Bar-Hayim reads Maimonides to mean that every Jew may personally choose to observe these fasts or not (source). 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Bar-Hayim|first1=David|title=The Four Fasts and their Halakhic Status Today|url=http://www.machonshilo.org/en/eng/list-audio-shiurim/41-audiohalakha/394-the-four-fasts-and-their-halakhic-status-today|accessdate=28 September 2017|publisher=Machon Shilo|date=15 July 2010}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Hoffman|first1=Yair|title=BaHaB|url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/229412/halachic-analysis-the-practice-of-bahab.html|website=The Yeshiva World|publisher=The Yeshiva World|accessdate=28 September 2017}} 9. ^http://matzav.com/the-forgotten-fast-day-20-sivan/ 10. ^http://www.aish.com/tp/i/moha/48918497.html 11. ^{{cite web|title=The Seventh of Adar|url=https://www.ou.org/holidays/months/seventh-adar/|publisher=Orthodox Union|accessdate=28 September 2017}} 12. ^https://ph.yhb.org.il/11-05-09/ 13. ^https://www.ou.org/torah/halacha/dalet-amot-of-halacha/fasting-ones-wedding-day/ 14. ^[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/481616/jewish/Fasting-on-the-Jewish-Wedding-Day.htm Fasting on the Jewish Wedding Day]. Note however that the Jerusalem Talmud (Bikurim 3:3) mentions that on a wedding day one's sins are absolved. Maharam Minz (n.109) uses this idea as a justification for fasting: ונהגו [ה]חתן ו[ה]כלה להתענות ביום הנישואין עד אחר הברכה, י"א הטעם דהוא יום סליחה דידוע שנמחלו עונותיהם וי"כ דידהו כדדרשינן על הא דכתיב (בראשית כח) ויקח את מחלת. Later sources explicitly parallel the wedding day to Yom Kippur in terms of both forgiveness and fasting. 15. ^https://www.hidabroot.org/question/27854 External links
1 : Jewish fast days |
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