| 词条 | Tabarka | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name =Tabarka |other_name = |native_name = طبرقة |native_name_lang = ar |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = VueCollineTabarka.JPG |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Tunisia |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Tunisia |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Tunisia |subdivision_type1 = Governorate |subdivision_name1 = Jendouba Governorate |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of =2014 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =19,819 |population_density_km2 =3894 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro =48.993 |population_density_metro_km2 =64 |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban =41,293 |population_density_urban_km2 =31 |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = CET |utc_offset = 1 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|36|57|16|N|8|45|29|E|region:TN|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 4.7 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 8110 |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }}Tabarka ({{lang-ar|طبرقة}} {{audio|help=no|Tbar9a.wav|Ṭbarqa}}) is a coastal town located in north-western Tunisia, close to the border with Algeria. Tabarka's history is a colorful mosaic of Berber, Punic, Hellenistic, Roman, and Islamic, and Turkish culture. The town is dominated by an offshore rock on which is remains a Genoese castle. Nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba, later president of post-independence Tunisia, was exiled here by the French colonial authorities in 1952.[2] Tourist attractions include its coral fishing, the Coralis Festival of underwater photography,[3] and its annual jazz festival.[4]{{anchor|Etymology|Names}} NameTabarka was known to the Carthaginians as {{sc|tbrkʿn}} ({{lang-xpu|𐤕𐤁𐤓𐤊𐤏𐤍}}).{{sfnp|Head & al.|1911|p=886}}{{sfnp|Ghaki|2015|p=67}} This was transcribed into Greek as Thaúbraka ({{lang|grc|Θαύβρακα}}) and Latin as Thabraca.[5][6] Modern day Berber knows it as Tabarka or Tbarga, and its Arabic name is Ṭbarqa ({{lang|ar|طبرقة}}). HistoryAlthough older sources placed Thabraca within the Roman province of Numidia, recent ones agree in placing it in the Roman province of Africa, known also as Africa Proconsularis.[7][8][9][10] It was a Roman colony.[11] It was connected by a road with Simitthu, which it served as a port for the export of its famous marble.[11] At Thabraca the rebellious Roman official Gildo, the brother of Firmus, committed suicide.[11] Under the Vandal king Gaiseric, it had a monastery for men and a convent for women.[11] From 1540 to 1742, the Genoese maintained a garrison on the adjacent island, also called Tabarka, which lies about {{convert|365|yd|sp=us}} off the town. In 1540 the island was given by the Ottoman Bey of Tunis as a concession to the Genoese Lomellini family.[10] The Genoese were in the service of Spain during 1553 at the request of Emperor Charles V who was interested in coral fishing. The Lomellini were part of the circle of Andrea Doria, Doge of Genoa, and were related to the Grimaldi family. The grant was possibly due to a secret ransom for the release of the pirate Turkish Dragut, captured in 1540 by Giannettino Doria, nephew of Andrea Doria. The Lomellini colonized Tabarca with a group of inhabitants of Pegli,[11] near Genoa, where they had various properties and a huge palace. The community of Pegliesi lived in Tabarka for several centuries. In 1738 due to the exhaustion of the coral reefs and the deterioration of relations with the Arab population a large group of "Tabarchini" moved to San Pietro Island off Sardinia, then uninhabited, where they founded a new town of Carloforte. The transfer was made possible thanks to the King of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia who wanted to colonize those of his lands which were not yet inhabited. The name of Carloforte was chosen in honor of the sovereign. Another group of Tabarchini was resettled in the town of Calasetta on the adjacent Island of Sant'Antioco, whose population still speaks a variant of Genoese dialect originating from Tabarka.[12] Others were moved to the Spanish island of New Tabarca.[13] In 1741{{fact|date=November 2018}} or 1742,[11] the Genoese fortress surrendered to the (nominally Ottoman but essentially autonomous) Bey of Tunis. At Tabarka, the ruins consists of a pit once used as a church and some fragments of walls which belonged to Christian buildings. There were also two Ottoman Turkish fortresses, one of which has been repaired. Under French colonial rule it was annexed to the civil district of Souk el-Arba, now in the Tunisian governorate of Jendouba, and a rather important fishing centre. Tabarka Jazz Festival was established in 1973. Ecclesiastical historyThabraca became a Christian bishopric that is no longer a residential see but is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.[14] BishopsThe bishops of Thabraca, who met with the other bishops of Proconsular Africa, included:
The Bishopric was founded during the Roman Empire and survived through the arian Vandal and Orthodox Byzantine empires, only ceasing to function with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. The diocese was re-founded in name at least in the 20th century as a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.[18][19] Titular bishops
WeatherClimateThe weather in Tabarka is usually unstable depending on the year. Summer is mostly mild and dry since it barely rains in July and August. The average temperatures for this season is {{convert|28.2|C|F|1}}. As for winter, it is mostly rainy and cold. Some snow can be seen during this time of the year. The average temperature for this season is {{convert|7.4|C|F|1}}. {{Weather box|metric first = yes |single line = yes |location = Tabarka 1981-2010 |Jan record high C=28.6 |Feb record high C=24 |Mar record high C=36.6 |Apr record high C=37 |May record high C=41.3 |Jun record high C=47.1 |Jul record high C=46.5 |Aug record high C=48.3 |Sep record high C=43.2 |Oct record high C=40 |Nov record high C=30.7 |Dec record high C=14.7 |Jan high C = 15.1 |Feb high C = 15.8 |Mar high C = 17.9 |Apr high C = 20.7 |May high C = 23.6 |Jun high C = 30.3 |Jul high C = 30.9 |Aug high C = 31.4 |Sep high C = 29.7 |Oct high C = 25.3 |Nov high C = 20.9 |Dec high C = 16.3 |Jan mean C= 7.4 |Feb mean C= 11.7 |Mar mean C= 13.5 |Apr mean C= 15.5 |May mean C= 18.4 |Jun mean C= 23 |Jul mean C= 25.4 |Aug mean C= 26 |Sep mean C= 25.5 |Oct mean C= 17.5 |Nov mean C= 11.1 |Dec mean C= 7.1 |Jan low C = 2.6 |Feb low C = 4.6 |Mar low C = 9.1 |Apr low C = 10.4 |May low C = 13.3 |Jun low C = 17.7 |Jul low C = 20 |Aug low C = 20.6 |Sep low C = 19.3 |Oct low C = 11.7 |Nov low C = 7.4 |Dec low C = 1.4 |Jan record low C=-5.8 |Feb record low C=-5.5 |Mar record low C=-0.1 |Apr record low C=-0.7 |May record low C=0 |Jun record low C=9 |Jul record low C=10.1 |Aug record low C=11.8 |Sep record low C=11 |Oct record low C=-5 |Nov record low C=-4.8 |Dec record low C=-8.7
TransportThe airport in Tabarka was named Airport 7 Novembre until the Tunisian revolution; it was then renamed Tabarka-Ain Draham International Airport. See also{{Portal|Tunisia}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^ 2. ^Derek Hopwood & Sue Mi Terry, Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia:The Tragedy of Longevity, Springer 2016 p.72 3. ^Elżbieta Lisowscy, DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Tunisia, Dorling Kindersley 2011 p.41 4. ^Donna Wheeler, Paul Clammer & Emilie Filou, Tunisia: Lonely Planet, 2010 p.284 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228181231/http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D16 |archive-date=2014-02-28 |dead-url=yes |title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Roman World|author=Chapot, V.|date=1928|publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780819603678|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9_7H4iGo3NYC&pg=PA385|page=385|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|author1=Hornblower, S.|author2=Spawforth, A.|author3=Eidinow, E.|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199545568|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|page=33|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700|author=Conant, J.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521196970|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rfDpA2cbB0cC&pg=PA48|page=48|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Letters 1-99|author1=Saint Augustine|author2=Rotelle, J.E.|author3=Teske, R.J.|date=2001|issue=pt. 2, v. 1|publisher=New City Press|isbn=9781565481633|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UmG5hYsJAAIC&pg=PA264|page=264|accessdate=28 March 2016}} 10. ^Thomas Allison Kirk, Genoa and the Sea, JHU Press, 2013 11. ^http://www.lastampa.it/2012/05/01/societa/viaggi/home-cover/l-isola-di-tabarka-e-le-tracce-dei-genovesi-I4Wnl6mzUmuPSygQXZ3h7J/pagina.html accessed 4/2/2017 12. ^http://www.sardegnaturismo.it/en/point-of-interest/calasetta accessed 4/2/2017 13. ^{{cite book|title=Alicante / Alacant, Tabarca: Rutas de aproximación al patrimonio cultural valenciano / Rutes d'aproximació al patrimoni cultural valencià|last=Varela|first=Santiago|others=Juan Calduch; Joaquín Lara (graphic dessing)|year=1983|language=Spanish, Catalan|publisher=Servicio de patrimonio arquitectónico: Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia: Generalidad Valenciana|chapter=Nueva Tabarca / Nova Tabarca: 1. Generalidades / 1. Generalitats}} 14. ^1 Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 979 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 [https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11405 Thabraca] at Catholic Encyclopedia.org 16. ^Thabraca at New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. 17. ^A Library of Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Anterior to the Division of the East and West, Volume 17 (J.H. Parker, 1844) [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=LRs2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA294&lpg=PA294&dq=Thabraca++gcatholic&source=bl&ots=KU7omVDN4_&sig=QTxJg1aGY3RvkjPBCbq94vyPLKM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTu8W3-dbRAhUDipQKHdYWAPMQ6AEINTAF#v=onepage&q=Thabraca%20%20gcatholic&f=false p294]. 18. ^Titular Episcopal See of Thabraca at GCatholic.org. 19. ^1 Thabraca at catholic-hierarchy.org. 20. ^{{Cite web |url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/768267/ |title=Climate: Tabarka - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |publisher=Climate-Data.org |accessdate=21 July 2014 }} 21. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/tunisia/tabarka.php |title=Tabarka Climate and Weather Averages, Tunisia |publisher=Weather2Travel |accessdate=19 July 2014 }} 22. ^{{Cite web |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/tunisia/tabarka|title=Tabarka, Tuisia |publisher=Voodoo Skies |accessdate=19 July 2014 }} Bibliography{{ref begin}}
External links{{Commons category|Tabarka}}
6 : Communes of Tunisia|Populated places in Jendouba Governorate|Populated coastal places in Tunisia|Ottoman Tunisia|Catholic titular sees in Africa|Territories of the Republic of Genoa |
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