In 1936 Losina-Losinskaja, in Komarov's Flora SSSR, classifies this species in section Ribesiformia, in which she also places R. maximowiczii, R. fedtschenkoi, R. cordatum, R. hissaricum and R. macrocarpum (and R. lobatum and R. plicatum, which are both now seen as synonyms of R. macrocarpum).[9]
History
This plant is first mentioned in Europe in the Arabic work, in English called the Book of Simple Medicaments, by Serapion the Younger, the Latin translation of which circulated throughout Europe in the late 13th to 15th century. Serapion says the plant is used to make the medicine thenceforth known in Europe as rob ribes.[10] In Europe, herbalists initially thought he was describing a currant, which they then used to make local, lesser ribes.
One of the first European works to write about this plant unambiguously was the Viertes Kreutterbuech - darein vil schoene und frembde Kreutter of 1576 by Leonhard Rauwolf, the first modern European botanist to travel through the Levant and Mesopotamia. The Viertes Kreutterbuech is one of the first herbaria – the first with plants collected outside of Europe – and contains Rauwolf's notes on the pressed plants displayed. Rauwolf calls the plant Ribes arabum and saw it growing in Lebanon and Palestine. He says the rob ribes of Serapion is made from the young flowering stalk.[10][[11]]
In the 1623 Pinax Theatri Botanici, Gaspard Bauhin attempts to sort all the plant names hitherto published. In this work he organises all Grossularia and Ribes species known at the time into 13 species, the twelfth of which is Rheum ribes, which Bauhin calls Ribes arabicum. Bauhin bases this on the work of Rauwolf, but also Clusius (who calls it Ribes legitima arabum), Camerarius (Ribes serapionis), Rembert Dodoens (Ribes serapionis foliis oxylapathi) and Pierre Belon.[12]
In 1732, Johann Jacob Dillenius published his Hortus Elthamensis – a book of rare plants grown in London – which describes this plant. He calls it a type of Lapathum (now Rumex), but mentions that it is known as Ribes arabicum.[ Dillenius obtained seeds in 1726 from William Sherard, who brought them from Lebanon in 1724. He mentions that it was only grown elsewhere in Europe in Leyden, from an older source.[10]]
The specific epithet ribes is thus derived via Serapion from the Arabic word rībās (ريباس), referring to the Syrian rhubarb.[13] The New Latin word ribes (currant) was corrupted from the Arabic word rībās by Europeans in the Renaissance, possibly due confusion with the original description of the bunches of berries on its panicle of fruit, with currants, a new crop at the time. R. ribes, unlike many other species of rhubarb, has a fleshy, succulent epicarp around its seeds.[10]
The generic name Rheum is derived from the Greek rheon, mentioned by Dioscorides as a name for medicinal rhubarb; the word rheon is itself thought to be derived from the (old) Persian rewend, which possibly referred to this species.[14]
Distribution
It is native to Israel (only in the occupied Golan Heights),[5][15][16] Jordan,[16] Lebanon,[16][17] Syria,[16][17] Azerbaijan (including Nakhichevan),[16][18] Armenia (as of 2011),[18] Iraq,[19] Turkey,[16][19] Iran,[19] Pakistan,[19] Afghanistan[19] and Russia.[19]
Ecology
Habitat
It is a floristic element of the Irano-Turanian Region or Iran-Turan Plant Geography Region.[4]
It is found in eastern Turkey on dry mountain slopes at 1600-2600m elevation in association with the plants Prangos ferulacea and Cousinia sivasica with which it forms the dominant flora such ecosystems.[20] In Israel it is found on rocky slopes and cliffs in the transition zone of montane forests of Quercus boissieri.[5]
Insects
Rheum ribes is the main food plant of a hairstreak butterfly, the rhubarb hairstreak, Callophrys mystaphia, of which the Turkish name is ışgınzümrütü, the 'rhubarb emerald', in Iğdır, Van, Hakkâri, Kars and Siirt provinces in eastern Turkey.[21][22]R. ribes leaves are the food plant of Xylena exsoleta moth in Van Province, Turkey.[23]Beetles associated with R. ribes in eastern Turkey are a Petrocladus sp. weevil, the jewel beetle Capnodis marquardti, and the leaf beetle Labidostomis brevipennis. These are all specialised herbivores of the plant, and most appear endemic to Turkey as far as known. L. brevipennis lays its eggs on the leaves.[20]
Cooking
The edible part of the plant is the flowering stem, which is eaten raw or cooked (ekşili ışgın[24] and ışkınlı yumurta [lit. 'eggs with wild rhubarb, Rheum ribes'] in Elâzığ, Turkey; khoresh rivas [خورش ریواس] or "Persian rhubarb stew" in Iran) by the local people of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan.[25] The leaves and petiole are often eaten raw as salad, sometimes sold in the local markets of Northern Balochistan.[19]
Traditional and current medicinal uses
Rheum ribes is the source of one of the most important crude drugs in West Asiatic regions. These plant vitamins A, B, C are seen in abundance. Syrian rhubarb root (Rhizoma Rhei ribi) is used traditionally to treat diabetes, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and diarrhea.[26] The plant is also used as a digestive and appetizer in Bitlis, Turkey.[27] Traditional herbal medicine stem and root dry plant for the treatment of anemia, anorexia, weakness, anxiety, depression and diabetes.[28] Traditionally Rheum ribes has been used in Iran as sedative and mood enhancer.
The anthraquinones chrysophanol, parietin and emodin, the flavonoids quercetin, fisetin, quercetin 3-0-rhamnoside, quercetin 3-0-galactoside and quercetin 3-0-rutinoside were isolated from the shoots of Syrian rhubarb.[29]
Conservation
In Israel it is an extremely rare plant found at two sites in the mountains of the Golan Heights, but it is not protected by law.[5][30]
Names
Antiquated English names
rhubarb-currant,[31] warted-leaved rhubarb,[32] rhubarb of Babilonia[33] Local names
- Arabic: rībās [34] (ريباس) or rāvandu'r-rībāṣ[35] (راوند الريباص ) (lit. "rībās rhubarb), in old Arabic 'utrufan, as in the pre-Islamic poetry of Abu Du'ad al-Iyadi
- Armenian xanjil haġarǰi (Խանձիլ հաղարջի) or Turkish loanword išxun (իշխուն)
- Azerbaijani qarağat rəvəndi (lit. "currant rhubarb")
- Dari (Afghan Persian) čukri[36] (چکری)
- Hebrew ribes hermoni[15] (ריבס חרמוני) (lit. "rhubarb of Mount Hermon)
- Kurdish ribêz, rêvaz, rêvas, rêwas, rêwaz
- Persian rīvās (ريواس)
- Russian ревень смородинный[18][37]
- Syriac yaġmīṣā[38][39] (ܝܓܡܝܨܐ)
- Turkish ışgın.[40] From Middle Turkic Divânu Lügati't-Türk by Mahmud al-Kashgari: ışgun[41] (اِشْغُنْ)
- Urdu rawash[19]
- Zazaki rıbês
References
1. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20010313034206/http://newcrops.uq.edu.au/listing/rheumribes.htm Australian New Crops]
2. ^RHS Horticultural Database
3. ^Önder Türkmen, Mustafa Çirka and Suat Şensoy (2005), Initial Evaluation of a New Edible Wild Rhubarb Species (Rheum ribes L.) with a Modified Weighted Scaling Index Method, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8 (5): 763-765, 2005
4. ^1 Van Herbaryumu
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=https://redlist.parks.org.il/taxa/Rheum%20palaestinum/ |title=Endangered Plants of Israel Rheum palaestinum |last=Shmida |first=Avi |last2=Pollak |first2=Gadi |last3=Fragman-Sapir |first3=Ori |date=2011 |website= |publisher=Israel Nature and Parks Authority |access-date=13 March 2019}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Лозина-Лозинская |first=Агния Сергеевна |author-link=Agnia Losina-Losinskaja |date=1932 |title=Новые Ревени Средней Аэии |url=http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/sch-ru.htm |language=Russian |journal=Известия Ботанического сада АН СССР |volume=30 |issue=1-2 |pages=382-383 |access-date=31 March 2019}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last=Ruirui |first=Liu |last2=Wang |first2=Ailan |last3=Tian |first3=Xinmin |last4=Wang |first4=Dongshi |last5=Liu |first5=Jianquan |date=2010 |title=Uniformity of karyotypes in Rheum (Polygonaceae), a species-rich genus in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261646487 |journal=Caryologia Firenze |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=82-90 |doi=10.1080/00087114.2010.10589711 |access-date=26 March 2019}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Plant Name Details for Rheum ribes L. |work=The International Plant Names Index |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=696789-1 |accessdate=2019-03-11 }}
9. ^{{cite book |last=Лозина-Лозинская |first=Агния Сергеевна |author-link=Agnia Losina-Losinskaja |date=1936 |chapter=Rheum |chapter-url= |editor1-last=Комаро́в |editor1-first=Влади́мир Лео́нтьевич |editor1-link=Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov |title=Flora SSSR, Vol. 5 |url= |language=Russian |location=Moscow |publisher=Издателство Академии Наук СССР |page=494-500}}
10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Phillip |date=1807 |title=The Gardener and Botanist's Dictionary, Vol. II |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=6238 |edition=9 |location=London |publisher=F.C. and J. Rivington |page= |author-link=Phillip Miller}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://kerkuil.leidenuniv.nl/digitale-tentoonstellingen-voor-2007/goedgezien/objectbeschrijvingen/object099.html |title=99. De Planten Gedroogd |author= |date= |language=Dutch |publisher=Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden |access-date=11 March 2019}}
12. ^{{cite book |last=Bauhin |first=Gaspard |date=1671 |title=Caspari Bauhini Pinax Theatri botanici, sive Index in Theophrasti, Dioscoridis, Plinii et botanicorum qui à seculo scripserunt opera |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30615#page/478/mode/1up |language=Latin |edition=2 |location=Basel |publisher=Impensis Joannis Regis |page=336 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.7092 |author-link=Gaspard Bauhin}}
13. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=HoFIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA108&dq=%22Rheum+ribes%22&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=k92vT93oEvHU4QTs-vynCQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=%22Rheum%20ribes%22&f=false Flora Hibernica (1836)] (Name, Ribes, a word applied by the Arabic Physicians to a species of Rhubarb, Rheum Ribes.)
14. ^{{Cite book|title=Why is an Apple a Pomme? A Journey with Words|last=Dunstone|first=Denis|publisher=Lulu Publishing Services|year=2014|isbn=1483418596|location=|pages=}}
15. ^1 Wild Flowers of Israel
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetailOccurrence.asp?NameId=55733&PTRefFk=7300000 |title=Polygonaceae, The Euro+Med Plantbase Project |last=Uotila |first=P. |date=2017 |website=Euro-Mediterranean Plant Base |publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem |access-date=13 March 2019}}
17. ^1 {{cite book |last=Musselman |first=Lytton John |date=2011 |title=Checklist of the plants of Lebanon and Syria |url=http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/lebsyria/Checklist%20of%20Lebanon%20Plants.pdf |location=Norfolk, VA |publisher=Old Dominion University |page=105}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/31708.html |title=Ревень смородинный - Rheum ribes - Описание таксона - Плантариум |author= |date= |language=Russian |website=Plantarium |publisher= |access-date=13 March 2019}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book |last=Qaiser |first=M. |date=2001 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=E. |editor2-last=Ali |editor2-first=S. I. |title=Flora of Pakistan, Vol. 205 Polygonaceae |url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242100143 |location=Karachi |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press and the University of Karachi |page= |isbn=}}
20. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Korotyaev |first=Boris A. |last2=Gültekin |first2=Levent |last3=Volkovitsh |first3=Mark G. |last4=Dorofeyev |first4=Vladimir I. |last5=Konstantinov |first5=Alexander S. |date=January 2016 |title=Bioindicator beetles and plants in desertified and eroded lands in Turkey |url=https://www.mapress.com/j/jib/article/download/2016.4.1/14190 |journal=Journal of Insect Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=28, 29, 34, 42 |doi=10.12976/jib/2016.4.1 |access-date=16 March 2019}}
21. ^TRAKEL (Türkiye'nin Anonim Kelebekleri)
22. ^[https://archive.org/details/CentreForEntomologicalStudiesAnkaraCesaNewsNr.9 Van Gölü Havzasında Kelebek Çeşitliliği (Diversity of the butterflies in Van Lake Basin East Turkey)] by Muhabbet Kemal, 2008
23. ^Muhabbet Kemal, Halil Özkol & Lokman Kayci (2008), Xylena Ochsenheimer in East Turkey with new provincial records and larval food-plants (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera), in Miscellaneous Papers, Centre for Entomological Studies Ankara, no: 139-140, 20.03.2008
24. ^Elazığ Cuisine {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503133041/http://www.turkish-cuisine.org/english/article_details.php?p_id=12&PagingIndex=1&Pages=Articles |date=2014-05-03 }}
25. ^Seval Andıç, Yusuf Tunçtürk, Elvan Ocak and Senol Köse (2009), Some Chemical Characteristics of Edible Wild Rhubarb Species (Rheum Ribes L.), Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(6): 973-977, 2009
26. ^Aladdin M. Naqishbandi, Knud Josefsen, Mikael Egebjerg Pedersen, Anna K. Jäger. Hypoglycemic activity of Iraqi Rheum ribes root extract. Pharmaceutical Biology, May 2009, Vol. 47, No. 5 : Pages 380-383
27. ^Hanefi Özbek, Ebubekir Ceylan, Mehmet Kara, Fevzi Özgökçe, Mehmet Koyuncu (2004), Hypoglycemic effect of Rheum ribes roots in alloxan induced diabetic and normal mice {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503132550/http://biomedicum.ut.ee/sjlas/31_2_113-115.pdf |date=2014-05-03 }}. Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci. No. 2. 2004. Vol. 31
28. ^Sayyah M, Boostani H, Pakseresht S, Malayeri A. Efficacy of hydroalcoholic extract of Rheum ribes L. in treatment of major depressive disorder. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2009, 3(8):573-575
29. ^Fatma Tosun & Çiğdem Akyüz-Kızılay (2003), Anthraquinones and Flavonoids from Rheum ribes / Rheum ribes Bitkisinin Antrakinonları ve Flavonoitleri, Ankara Ecz. Fak. Derg. 32(1)31-35,2003
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://redlist.parks.org.il/taxa/Rheum%20ribes/?highlight=%20Rheum%20ribes |title=Endangered Plants of Israel ריבס אמתי |last=Shmida |first=Avi |last2=Pollak |first2=Gadi |last3=Fragman-Sapir |first3=Ori |date=2011 |website= |publisher=Israel Nature and Parks Authority |access-date=13 March 2019}}
31. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=KDRrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22rheum+ribes%22&dq=%22rheum+ribes%22&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=GPS0T-7iG-r_4QTa1KW5Dg&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCDiMAQ The medical formulary of al-Samarqandī and the relation of early Arabic simples to those found in the indigenous medicine of the Near East and India], Najīb al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn 'Alī al-Samarqandī, Martin Levey, Noury Al-Khaledy, Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1967
32. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=nVwMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=%22Rheum+ribes%22&source=bl&ots=tqV3PZ-PGl&sig=uInbq1RWZsI8dJ64MHG-zvOP0fQ&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=4MGuT8-GGaTO4QTW5_SfCQ&ved=0CHIQ6AEwBjg8#v=onepage&q&f=false Encyclopædia Londinensis (1827)]
33. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=r5jnQzwZjOYC&pg=PA94&lpg=PA94&dq=%22rheum+ribes%22+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=ksbim_BeJf&sig=rHw3vzDZSHcH_KrWkdFT5WlwUA0&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=Rza0T5WiDaHm4QTplpGKDg&ved=0CGMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=%22rheum%20ribes%22%20afghanistan&f=false The Book of Duarte Barbosa by Mansel Longworth Dames, 1918-1921, London]
34. ^Ibn Sina, The Canon of Medicine, 1593
35. ^نبات الراوند Rheum
36. ^Plant Species List from Field Surveys: 2007 and 2008, Afghanistan PEACE Project
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.yadflora.narod.ru/63.html |title=Ревень |last=Moysenko |first=Gennadiy |date=2011 |language=Russian |website=ЯДОВИТЫЕ РАСТЕНИЯ |publisher=Gennadiy Moysenko |access-date=13 March 2019}}
38. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=V3nm8Krw0dgC&pg=PA194&dq=%22rheum+ribes%22&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=Rv2vT4XQHeTQ4QTG4OWtCQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjg8#v=onepage&q=%22rheum%20ribes%22&f=false A Compendious Syriac Dictionary by R. Payne Smith, 1903]
39. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=J-PxfFsmGcIC&pg=PA49&dq=%22rheum+ribes%22&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=Rv2vT4XQHeTQ4QTG4OWtCQ&ved=0CG0Q6AEwCTg8#v=onepage&q=%22rheum%20ribes%22&f=false The Medieval Islamic Underworld], The Banū Sāsān in Arabic Society and Literature, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, 1976
40. ^Prof. Dr. Turhan Baytop (1997), Türkçe Bitki Adları Sözlüğü, TDK yayınları: 578, Ankara, 1997
41. ^Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi, çeviren Besim Atalayi TDK yayınları:521, Ankara 1941, cilt: 1, sayfa: 109
42. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Rheum ribes L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:696789-1 |accessdate=2019-03-11 }}