“Tactical role-playing game”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

^[1]Tactical role-playing games^[2]^[3]^[4]How is the video l^[5] (abbreviated as TRPG) are a genre of video game which incorporates elements of traditional role-playing video games with that of tactical games, emphasizing tactics rather than high-level strategy. The format of a tactical RPG video game is much like a traditional tabletop role-playing game in its appearance, pacing and rule structure. Likewise, early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames like Chainmail, which were primarily concerned with combat.

Game design

This subgenre of role-playing video games principally refers to games which incorporate elements from strategy video games as an alternative to traditional role-playing game (RPG) systems. Like standard RPGs, the player typically controls a finite party and battles a similar number of enemies. And like other RPGs, death is usually temporary. But this genre incorporates strategic gameplay such as tactical movement on an isometric grid. Unlike traditional RPGs which are traditionally single-player, some tactical RPGs feature multiplayer play, such as Final Fantasy Tactics ^[6].

A distinct difference between tactical RPGs and traditional RPGs is the lack of exploration^[7]; for instance, Final Fantasy Tactics does away with the third-person exploration of towns and dungeons that is typical in a Final Fantasy game.^[8] In Final Fantasy Tactics, instead of exploration, there is an emphasis on battle strategy. Players are able to build and train characters to use in battle, utilizing different classes, including warriors and magic users, depending on the game. Characters normally gain experience points from battle and grow stronger, and are awarded secondary experience points which can be used to advance in specific character classes.^[8] Battles have specific winning conditions, such as defeating all enemies or surviving a certain number of turns, that the player must accomplish before the next map will become available. In between battles, players can access their characters to equip them, change classes, train them, depending on the game.^[8]

History

A number of early role-playing video games used a tactical form of combat, such as Tunnels of Doom (1982)^[9] and Exodus (1983),^[10] as well as The Dragon and Princess (1982)^[13] and Bokosuka Wars (1983),^[14] which introduced party-based, tiled combat to America and Japan, respectively. Further, tactical RPGs are descendents of tabletop role-playing games and wargames, such as Dungeons & Dragons and Chainmail, which were mainly tactical in their original form.^[11]{{#tag:ref|Delving even further, one finds that wargames such as Kriegspiel and Chainmail are themselves descendents of traditional ancient strategy games such as chess and chaturanga.^[12]^[13]|group="Note"}} Nevertheless, much of the development of tactical RPGs has diverged on each side of the Pacific, and the term "tactical RPG" is sometimes reserved only for those titles that were created in Japan.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

8-bit origins in the East (1982–1990)

One of the earliest Japanese RPGs, Koei's The Dragon and Princess, released NEC's PC-8001 home computer platform in 1982.^[14] This game can also be considered a precursor to the tactical RPG genre. It used a combat system where, following a random encounter, the game transitioned to a separate, graphical, overhead battle screen, and tactical turn-based combat ensued. That same year, in 1982, Tunnels of Doom used a similar combat system;^[9] as did Ultima III: Exodus released in 1983.^[15]^[16]

During the 8-bit era, Bokosuka Wars, a computer game developed by Koji Sumii for the Sharp X1 in 1983^[17] and ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by ASCII in 1985, was responsible for laying the foundations for the tactical RPG genre, or "simulation RPG" genre as it is known in Japan, with its blend of role-playing and strategy game elements. The game revolves around a king who must recruit soldiers and lead his army against overwhelming enemy forces, while each unit gains experience and levels up along the way.^[18] It is also considered to be an early prototype real-time strategy game.^[19]

Another notable early example of the genre was Kure Software Koubou's 1988 PC-8801 strategy RPG, Silver Ghost,^[20] which was cited by Camelot Software Planning's Hiroyuki Takahashi as inspiration for the Shining series of tactical RPGs. According to Takahashi, Silver Ghost was "a simulation action type of game where you had to direct, oversee and command multiple characters."^[21] Unlike later tactical RPGs, however, Silver Ghost was not turn-based, but instead used real-time strategy and action role-playing game elements. It also featured a point-and-click interface, to control the characters using a cursor.^[22] A similar game released by Kure Software Koubo that same year was First Queen, a unique hybrid between a real-time strategy, action RPG, and strategy RPG. Like an RPG, the player can explore the world, purchase items, and level up, and like a strategy video game, it focuses on recruiting soldiers and fighting against large armies rather than small parties. The game's "Gochyakyara" ("Multiple Characters") system let the player control one character at a time while the others are controlled by computer AI that follow the leader, and where battles are large-scale with characters sometimes filling an entire screen.^[23]^[24] Master of Monsters, developed by SystemSoft and released in 1989 for the MSX2, added fantasy characters and magic attacks to the gameplay of the wartime combat Daisenryaku series, which had instead opted for tanks, planes, and other vehicles of real-world modern combat. Master of Monsters also added experience bars for the character units, a concept which would be adapted and popularized by later console-based series like Fire Emblem. Unlike many other early titles in the genre, Master of Monsters made its way to the west via a port to the Sega Genesis in 1991, albeit only in North America.

However, the genre did not become prolific until Nintendo published the game that set the template for tactical wargame RPGs, Ankoku Ryū to Hikari no Tsurugi. Developed by Intelligent Systems and released exclusively in Japan for the Nintendo Famicom in 1990, Fire Emblem would become an archetype for the whole genre, establishing gameplay elements that are still used in tactical RPGs today, though many of these elements were influenced by earlier RPGs and strategy games. Combining the basic concepts from games like Dragon Quest and simple turn-based strategy elements that the development team gained experience with in their 1988 release Famicom Wars, Intelligent Systems created a hit, which spawned many sequels and imitators. It introduced unique features such as how the characters were not interchangeable pawns but each of them were unique, in terms of both class and stats, and how a character who runs out of hit points would usually remain dead forever. The latter mechanic was used to introduce a non-linear storyline to the genre, where different multiple endings are possible depending on which characters are alive or dead,^[30] a concept still used in recent games such as Devil Survivor,^[31] and Final Promise Story.^[32] However, it was not until the release of Rekka no Ken for the Game Boy Advance, many years later, that the series was introduced to Western gamers, who until then were more familiar with localized precursors like Nobunaga's Ambition, as well as later tactical RPGs partially influenced by Fire Emblem, including the Shining and Ogre series and Final Fantasy Tactics, and Nippon Ichi games like Disgaea.^[25]

Eastern console history (1991–present)

16-bit consoles

During the 16-bit generation, among the first imitators was Langrisser by NCS/Masaya, first released for the Mega Drive / Genesis in 1991. It was translated for North American release and retitled Warsong. The Langrisser series differed from Fire Emblem in that it used a general-soldier structure instead of controlling main characters. Langrisser, too, spawned many sequels, none of which were brought to North America. Langrisser set itself apart from other tactical RPGs in its time with larger-scale battles, where the player could control over thirty units at one time and fight against scores of enemies.^[26] Since Der Langrisser in 1994, the series offered non-linear branching paths and multiple endings. The player's choices and actions affected which of four different paths they followed, either aligning themselves with one of three different factions or fighting against all of them. Each of the four paths leads to a different ending and there are over 75 possible scenarios. Langrisser III introduced a relationship system similar to dating sims. Depending on the player's choices and actions, the feelings of the female allies will change towards the player character, who will end up with the female ally he is closest with.^[27]

The first game in the long-running Super Robot Wars series is another early example of the genre, initially released for the Game Boy in 1991.

Another influential early tactical RPG was Sega's Shining Force for the Sega Genesis, which was released in 1992. Shining Force used even more console RPG elements than earlier games, allowing the player to walk around towns and talk to people and buy weapons. It spawned sequels, Shining Force II for Sega Genesis and Shining Force CD for Sega CD, besides the Shining Force Gaiden 1, 2 and 3 for Sega Game Gear and Shining Force III for Sega Saturn. The game's creator, Camelot Software Planning's Hiroyuki Takahashi, cited Kure Software Koubou's 1988 tactical RPG, Silver Ghost, as his inspiration.^[21] One game released solely in Japan for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), Bahamut Lagoon, began Square's (now Square Enix) famous line of tactical RPGs.

Four games from the Ogre Battle series have been released in North America. The first was March of the Black Queen was released for the SNES in 1993 and was more of a real-time strategy RPG in which the player forms character parties that are moved around a map in real-time. When two parties meet, the combat plays out with minimal user interaction. The game is notable for introducing a moral alignment system that not only affects the gameplay but where tactical and strategic decisions influence the outcome of a non-linear branching storyline, which is affected by factors such as the moral alignments of the troops used to liberate a city, whether to keep certain liberated cities guarded, making popular or unpopular decisions, concentrating power among just a few units, making deals with thieves, and a general sense of justice. These factors lead to one of 13 possible endings, alongside other factors such as how many and which units are used, how battles are fought, the army's reputation, player character's alignment and charisma, and secrets discovered.^[29]^[39]

The sequel, Let Us Cling Together, was originally a 1995 SNES game that was not released outside Japan. It was later ported to the PlayStation, along with Ogre Battle: March of the Black Queen. Both of the PlayStation re-releases were marketed in North America by Atlus, as was Person of Lordly Caliber for the Nintendo 64. Tactics Ogre's gameplay is more similar to the genre of tactical RPGs that Final Fantasy Tactics belongs to (which was developed by former members of Quest and created/written/directed by Yasumi Matsuno), complete with battles taking place on isometric grids.^[39] It was also the first to bear the name "Tactics" in the title, a term gamers would come to associate with the genre. Not only are characters moved individually on a grid, but the view is isometric, and the order of combat is calculated for each character individually. The game also expanded the non-linear alignment system of its predecessor, with three types of alignments for each unit: Lawful, Neutral, and Chaos, neither of which are portrayed as necessarily good or bad. The game gives players the freedom to choose their own destiny, with difficult moral decisions, such as whether to follow a Lawful path by upholding the oath of loyalty and slaughter civilian non-player characters on the leader's command, or follow the chaotic path by following a personal sense of justice and rebelling, or instead follow a more neutral path.^[39]^[30] Such factors affect the game's ending, which is also affected by decisions such as whether to obtain the most powerful class, which can only be acquired by making a tragic sacrifice. Another feature was "Warren's Report",^[30] a type of database on the land, people, encounters and races of Valeria (similar to, but much more expansive than, the troves of knowledge in Mass Effect).^[31] Although this game defined the genre in many ways, it was not widely recognized by American gamers because it was released to American audiences several years later. Final Fantasy Tactics shared some staff members with Tactics Ogre and shares many of its gameplay elements. A prequel to the original Tactics Ogre, The Knight of Lodis, was later released for the Game Boy Advance. A remake of Let Us Cling Together was later released for the PSP in 2011.

In 1996, the tactical role-playing game Seisen no Keifu also featured a non-linear branching storyline, but instead of using an alignment system, it used a relationship system resembling dating sims that gave players the ability to affect the relationship points between different units/characters. This in turn affected both the gameplay and storyline, with the different possible relationships in the first generation of the game's plot leading to different units/characters appearing during the second generation, ultimately leading to different possible outcomes to the storyline.^[32]

32-bit consoles

The 32-bit era saw many influential tactical RPGs, such as Konami's 1996 Vandal Hearts series, which feature branching storylines that can be altered by the player's dialogue choices that lead to different endings,^[33] as well as Sega's 1997 Shining Force 3, SCEI's Arc the Lad Collection (1996–1999), and Square's 1997 Final Fantasy Tactics and 1999 Front Mission 3. Konami's Vandal Hearts was an early PlayStation title that helped popularize tactical RPGs in the US. It was released by Konami and featured a 3D isometric map that could be rotated by the player. A sequel was subsequently released, also for the PlayStation, and Konami has announced a third title in development for the Nintendo DS.

One of the first 32-bit tactical RPGs, Guardian War, was developed by Micro Cabin and released in 1993 on the Panasonic 3DO. While the game lacked in story, it included many game mechanics that are seen throughout many of the 32-bit tactical RPGs; like isometric camera rotation, interchangeable and hybridization of "jobs" or "classes" for each character, the combination of moves between characters, and the capture of NPCs and having them play on your side.

Sixth generation

On sixth-generation consoles, a loyal American fan-base has been established by Nippon Ichi, makers of the PlayStation 2 games Tactics, Phantom Brave, and Hour of Darkness.^[39] Of these games, Disgaea has been the most successful to date, and was the second Nippon Ichi game released in North America, the first being A Musical Adventure (published by Atlus).^[40] Throughout this generation, companies have recognized the large audience and popularity of these types of games, particularly Atlus and Nintendo. La Pucelle: Tactics and Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, which Atlus re-released due to high demand, have become cult hits for the PlayStation 2.^[41]

In 2001, Sakura Wars 3 for the Dreamcast introduced a new combat system that incorporates action elements,^[57] and abandons the use of grids in favour of allowing each character to move around freely across the battlefield but with a limited number of moves each turn illustrated using a bar at the bottom of the screen.^[42] This type of combat system would later be the basis for the combat system in Valkyria Chronicles, developed by much of the same team in 2008.^[43] The Sakura Wars series would not be released in the West until the fifth game, So Long, My Love (2005).^[34] The Front Mission series also continued on to the PlayStation 2, with Front Mission 4 and Front Mission 5, the latter of which never saw a Western release, but a fan translation.

The Game Boy Advance would also see the release of Tactical Command (2005) by X-COM creators, Nick and Julian Gollop.^[44] The game would be highly praised for adapting the combat mechanics of the highly detailed and acclaimed PC strategy series; but would also receive criticism for sub-par presentation, a lackluster storyline, and lack of link-mode support.^[45] The game ended up receiving an average score of 77.83% at GameRankings.^[46] In early 2006, Idea Factory's Blazing Souls featured nonlinear gameplay that allows the player to progress through the game and the story in whatever order they wish. In addition, instead of having separate screens or maps for exploration and battle, the game features a seamless transition between exploration and battle.^[47] The Western release of Fire Emblem also came about in this time with "Fire Emblem Blazing Sword" (Simply called Fire Emblem internationally).

Seventh generation

On seventh-generation consoles, Sega's Valkyria Chronicles (2008) for the PlayStation 3 utilizes the seventh-generation console processing power by using a distinctive anime/watercolor art style, as well as incorporating third-person tactical shooter elements. After selecting a character in the overhead map view, the player manually controls him/her from a third-person view. This mechanic allows for, among others: free movement to a certain range, manual aiming with extra damage for headshots, a limited cover system, and real-time hazards, such as interception fire and landmines. The game has been described as "the missing link between Final Fantasy Tactics and Full Spectrum Warrior."^[48]

In 2004, Konami released Metal Gear Acid, which combined the stealth game elements of the Metal Gear series with turn-based tactical RPG gameplay of games like Fire Emblem, Final Fantasy Tactics, and Disgaea, along with the random-draw, forethought and resource management appeal of card battles like in Konami's own Yu-Gi-Oh! games (1999 onwards).^[49] Developer Kuju Entertainment released Dungeons & Dragons Tactics for the PlayStation Portable in 2007. The game intended to adapt the rules and mechanics of the popular table-top role-playing game, Dungeons & Dragons, but suffered from a poor interface and awkward camera controls.^[50]^[51]

The Atlus title Devil Survivor (2009)^[52] blended together both traditional and tactical RPG gameplay along with non-linear adventure game elements.^[53] It also featured an innovative demon auction system and a death clock system where each character has a specified time of death,^[54] with the player's actions and choices having consequences on who lives and dies.^[55] Infinite Space (2009) by PlatinumGames, for the Nintendo DS, is a hybrid of tactical role-playing, real-time strategy and space simulator elements,^[73] and features a non-linear branching narrative with numerous choices that can have dramatic consequences,^[56] and an epic scale spanning hundreds of planets.^[57]

Western personal computers

Many Western PC games have utilized this genre for years, as well. Western games tend to have stronger military themes, without many of the fantasy elements often found in their console (and mainly Japanese) counterparts;{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} as well as greater freedom of movement when interacting with the surrounding environment.^[85]^[66] Notable examples include the Jagged Alliance series (1994-2018)^[87]^[67]^[68] and the Silent Storm series (2003-2005),^[67]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72] with many titles owing considerably to the X-COM series (1994-2016) of strategy games.^[73]^[74] In fact, Western PC games in the genre were largely defined by X-COM in much the same way as Eastern console games were by Fire Emblem.^[75]

1990s

Vantage Master is a series of tactical RPGs similar to Master of Monsters developed and published by Nihon Falcom for Microsoft Windows, beginning in 1997. The first game in the series was never released outside Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The latest game, Vantage Master Portable, was announced for the PSP on December 20, 2007,^[78] and released on April 24, 2008.

Jagged Alliance is tactical turn-based RPG series developed by Sir-Tech Canada. First game was released in 1995, second in 1999.

2000s

Brotherhood of Steel^[81]^[82]^[83] (2001) is a spin-off of the Fallout series of CRPGs by Interplay Entertainment developed by Australian company Micro Forté. Unusual for the genre is the option to choose between real-time and turn-based play,{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} or between "Continuous Turn-Based Mode" (CTB), "Individual Turn-Based Mode" (ITB), and "Squad Turn-Based Mode" (STB) modes as the developers put it.^[84] The game even allows the player to switch modes in the middle of play.^[82] The game received generally favorable reviews from critics,^[85] though was not as well-received as the series' more traditional RPG titles.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Paradise Cracked^[74]^[93] (2003), COPS 2170: The Power of Law (2005), Metalheart: Replicants Rampage^[94]^[95]^[96] (2004) and Shadow Vault^[97]^[98]^[99] (2004) are poorly received^[96]^[100]^[101]^[102] tactical RPGs by MiST Land South, Akella and Mayhem Studios of Russia and Slovakia, respectively. Paradise Cracked was inspired by cyberpunk works such as The Matrix, Blade Runner, Ghost in the Shell, and Philip K. Dick novels;^[74] and Metalheart: Replicants Rampage is a post-apocalyptic cyberpunk tactical RPG inspired by Jagged Alliance, Syndicate, and Fallout.^[94] COPS 2170: The Power of Law is set in the same "Reality 4.13" universe that first appeared in Paradise Cracked.

Other titles inspired^[139] by Jagged Alliance include New Jagged Union^[110] (2006) and its sequel, simply titled 7.62 (2007), by Russian developer Apeiron; The Jagged Edge (2007) by GFI Russia; and Back in Action by bitComposer Games. The Brigade E5 series incorporates an innovative hybrid real-time system the company calls "Smart Pause Mode" in an attempt to heighten realism;^[111] Hired Guns: The Jagged Edge began its life as Jagged Alliance 3D before Strategy First withdrew the rights to the series name;^[112] and Jagged Alliance: Back in Action is a 3D, real-time remake of Jagged Alliance 2.^[113] Lastly, Flashback was released in 2014 following a successful Kickstarter.^[114] The developer Full Control gained notoriety, however, for feuding with its backers,^[115] and the company stopped making games shortly thereafter.^[116]

Additional titles inspired by X-COM include Aftermath (2003), Aftershock (2005),^[117]^[118]^[119] Afterlight (2007) and Extraterrestrials (2007) by Czech developers ALTAR Interactive and Chaos Concept;^[120] as well as Xenonauts (2014) by Goldhawk Interactive.^[121]^[122]^[123] ALTAR's UFO series features real-time play; Chaos Concept's UFO: Extraterrestrials received only mixed reviews;^[124] and Xenonauts currently has a "Very Positive" rating on Steam.^[125] The open source, cross-platform X-COM-clone Alien Invasion is also under development.

The Battle for Wesnoth (2005) is another Master of Monsters and Warsong clone, released under an open source license for multiple platforms.^[28]^[126]^[127] It also is continually updated.

2010s

The tactical isometric cyberpunk/fantasy RPG, Shadowrun Returns (2013), was funded via a successful crowd-sourced Kickstarter campaign that raised a total of $1.9 million for development.^[128] The game is based on the popular Shadowrun pen-and-paper setting by Jordan Weisman, and features tactical combat in a world filled with cybernetics, magic and fantasy creatures.^[129] Two sequels, Dragonfall (2014) and Hong Kong (2015) quickly followed. An online tactical game not directly related to the previous three games, Boston Lockdown, was released to less-than-positive reviews in 2015.^[130]

In 2014 the tactical RPG Blackguards based on the German The Dark Eye pen-and-paper setting was released to mixed or average reviews.^[131]^[132] A sequel, Blackguards 2, was released in 2015.

2015 saw the release of Invisible, Inc. for OS X, Windows and Linux. It has been described as a "tactical RPG that mixes stealth with procedural generation", since it introduces elements of espionage and roguelike gameplay.^[133] It received generally favorable scores from reviewers.^[134] A version for the PlayStation 4 is in development.^[133]

2016 was marked by the critical^[135] and commercial^[136] success of Darkest Dungeon, a tactical turn-based roguelike role-playing game developed by the indie Canadian team Red Hook Studios and funded by a Kickstarter campaign.^[137] Its introduction of psychological traumas and chains of causality to the genre were generally welcomed by reviewers.^[138]^[139]

In March 2017 the German indie developer Overhype Studios released its tactical RPG Battle Brothers out of Early Access to generally favorable reviews.^[140] This mercenary company simulation was described as a "cleverly constructed, carefully balanced board game".^[141]

Genre blurring

Other games combine similar mechanics, but typically belong in other genres. Tactical wargames such as the Steel Panthers series (1995–2006) sometimes combine tactical military combat with RPG-derived unit advancement. Avalon Hill's Squad Leader (2000), a man-to-man wargame utilizing the Soldiers at War engine, has also been compared (unfavorably) to X-COM and Jagged Alliance.^[142]^[143] Rebelstar (1984) and Laser Squad (1988) were precursors to X-COM created by the same developer, Julian Gollop. They did not, however, feature the statistical character development and strategic map of the later series.^[144]

In addition to a turn-based tactical combat layer, the X-COM series also possesses a real-time 3D strategic layer, complete with global defensive map as well as a technology tree that the player must research in order to unlock new weapons and armor. Jagged Alliance 2 features a country sector map with fortified towns and roving bands of enemies that must be defeated before entering the capital city of Meduna. Knights in the Nightmare (2009) combines elements of traditional tactical RPGs with bullet hell–style shoot 'em up gameplay.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Sega's Valkyria Chronicles (2008) blurs the line even further by incorporating tactical RPG gameplay with both real-time strategy and third-person tactical shooter elements, including over-the-shoulder manual aiming and a cover system. This has led to the game being described by one source as "the missing link between Final Fantasy Tactics and Full Spectrum Warrior."^[48] In an interview with Eurogamer, X-COM developer Julian Gollop mentioned how surprised he was how close Valkyria Chronicles was in design to his cancelled game Dreamland Chronicles.^[144]

Full-fledged CRPGs

A number of "full-fledged" computer role-playing games could also be described as having "tactical combat". Examples from the classic era of CRPGs include parts of the aforementioned Ultima series^[153] beginning with Exodus (1983);^[10] SSI's Wizard's Crown (1985) and The Eternal Dagger (1987);^[154] the Realms of Arkania (1992-1996) series based on the German The Dark Eye pen-and-paper system;^[154] and the Gold Box games of the late '80s and early '90s—many of which were later ported to Japanese video game systems.^[155] Other examples include Troika Games' The Temple of Elemental Evil (2003), which features a highly accurate implementation of the Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 edition ruleset;^[156] Knights of the Chalice (2009), which implements the d20 Open Game License;^[157] and Pyrrhic Tales: Prelude to Darkness (2002), an open world RPG featuring one continuous game world.^[158] More recent examples include Wasteland 2 (2014),^[159] Original Sin (2014)^[160] and The Age of Decadence (2015). Partly due to the success of Wasteland 2, Divinity: Original Sin, Shadowrun: Dragonfall, Blackguards and Dead State, 2014 has been labeled "the first year of the CRPG renaissance".^[161]

Massively multiplayer online gaming

Several massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) have combined multiplayer online gaming with tactical turn-based combat. Examples include, Dofus (2005), The Continuum (2008), as well as the Russian game Total Influence Online (2009?).^[164]^[165]^[166] Tactica Online was a planned MMORPG that would have featured tactical combat, had development not been cancelled in 2006.^[167]^[168] Gunrox (2008), Poxnora (2006) and Wakfu (2012) are some other recent examples.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Popularity

Many tactical RPGs can be both extremely time-consuming and extremely difficult. Hence, the appeal of most tactical RPGs is to the hardcore, not casual, computer and video game player.^[169] Traditionally, tactical RPGs have been quite popular in Japan but have not enjoyed the same degree of success in North America and elsewhere.^[170]^[171] However, the audience for Japanese tactical RPGs has grown substantially in the West since the mid-90s, with PS1 and PS2 titles such as Final Fantasy Tactics, Suikoden Tactics, Vanguard Bandits and Disgaea enjoying a surprising measure of popularity outside Japan.{{#tag:ref|Final Fantasy Tactics for the PS1 is often considered the breakthrough title outside Japan.^[172]^[173]|group="Note"}} Further, older Japanese tactical RPGs are also being re-released via software emulation—such as on the Wii's Virtual Console—as well as on handheld systems, giving these games a new lease on life.^[174]

However, in the 2000s, some developers complained it was becoming increasingly difficult to develop games of this type (though several had been developed in Eastern Europe with limited success);^[175]^[219] and even some developers were beginning to complain about a supposed bias against turn-based systems.^[176]^[177] Reasons cited include publishers' focus on developing real-time, action-oriented games; as well as a perception that games with turn-based mechanics were "too niche" to become successful.^[178] But things may have turned around in the 2010s, at least in the West. A few high-profile titles, such as 2K Games' strategy video games, Enemy Unknown and XCOM 2—as well as a number of Kickstarter-funded RPGs, such as Larian's Original Sin, inXile's Wasteland 2 and Harebrained Schemes' Shadowrun Returns—were successfully developed and published in recent years, in part due to new means of funding and distributing them. According to Dan Tudge of n-Space, "The resurgence of tactical-isometric RPGs has a lot to do with accessibility. ... Changes in the ecosystem like Steam and digital distribution have made it easier than ever for developers to connect with players."^[179]

See also

Footnotes

1. ^{{Citation|last=Aščerić-Todd|first=Ines|title=10 The Heyday and End of the Hamzevi Movement|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004288447_012|work=Dervishes and Islam in Bosnia|pages=159–173|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004288447|access-date=2019-04-01}}
2. ^{{cite web | title =Chaos Wars | publisher =GameSpot | url =http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/strategy/chaoswars/index.html?tag=result;title;0 | accessdate =2007-11-26 }}
3. ^{{cite web | title =Search results for '"tactical role-playing"' | publisher =GameSpot | url =https://www.gamepressure.com/e.asp?ID=1438 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170629192518/http://www.gamepressure.com/e.asp?ID=1438 | dead-url =yes | archive-date =2017-06-29 | accessdate =2007-11-26 }}
4. ^{{cite web | title =Search results for '"tactical RPG"' | publisher =GameSpot | url =https://www.gamespot.com/search/?q=tactical+RPG | accessdate =2007-11-26 }}{{dead link|date=May 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web | title =Hammer & Sickle | publisher =IGN | url =http://pc.ign.com/objects/744/744660.html | accessdate =2007-11-26 }}
6. ^{{cite web | title = Final Fantasy Tactics Getting Multiplayer | publisher =IGN | date = March 14, 2007 | url = https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/03/14/final-fantasy-tactics-getting-multiplayer | accessdate =2019-03-10 }}
7. ^{{cite web | title = Playing Roles: On Tactical-RPGs | publisher = TechRaptor | date = August 21, 2015 | url = https://techraptor.net/content/playing-roles-tactical-rpgs | accessdate =2019-03-10 }}
8. ^¹²{{cite book |last1=Hollinger |first1=Elizabeth |authorlink1= |last2=Ratkos |first2=James |title=Final Fantasy Tactics Official Strategy Guide |year=1997 |month= |publisher=Prima Games |location= |isbn=0-7615-3733-3 |page=1}}
9. ^¹{{cite web|last1=Barton|first1=Matt|title=Review: Texas Instruments' "Tunnels of Doom" (1982)|url=http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/node/1024|website=Armchair Arcade|publisher=Armchair Arcade, Inc.|accessdate=2 October 2017}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Barton|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3623/the_history_of_computer_.php |title=The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 1: The Early Years (1980-1983) |publisher=Gamasutra |date=2007-02-23 |accessdate=2010-09-05 | page=4}}
11. ^{{Cite book|first=Matt|last=Barton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMXu61GbTqMC |title=Dungeons & Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games |publisher=A K Peters, Ltd. |year=2008 |accessdate=2010-09-08 |isbn = 1-56881-411-9 | page=12}}
12. ^Jon Peterson (2012), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=syNzMAEACAAJ Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People and Fantastic Adventures, from Chess to Role-Playing Games]
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://faculty.virginia.edu/setear/students/wargames/page1a.htm|title=Wargames 1a: A Brief History of Wargames|author=|date=|website=faculty.virginia.edu|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=ランダム・アクセス・メモ|url=http://www.retropc.net/fm-7/random_access_memo/04.html|work=Oh! FM-7|accessdate=19 September 2011|page=4|date=4 August 2001}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=ja&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.retropc.net%2Ffm-7%2Frandom_access_memo%2F04.html&act=url Translation])
15. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://blog.hardcoregaming101.net/2013/04/dark-age-of-jrpgs-dragon-princess-1982.html|title=Dark Age of JRPGs (1): The Dragon & Princess (1982)|author=|date=|website=blog.hardcoregaming101.net|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web | url =http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/FelipePepe/20161010/282896/19821987__The_Birth_of_Japanese_RPGs_retold_in_15_Games.php | title =1982-1987 - The Birth of Japanese RPGs, re-told in 15 Games | last =Pepe | first =Felipe | date =2016-10-10 | website =Gamasutra | publisher =UBM Techweb | access-date =2016-11-26 | quote = Dragon and Princess / ドラゴンアンドプリンセス is often pointed as the first RPG made in Japan, and it's particularly interesting for being a party-based game with top-down tactical turn-based combat (before Ultima III popularized such combat system), but at its core it's a text-adventure game ...}}
17. ^Bokosuka Wars, GameSpot
18. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.co.jp/wii/vc/vc_bw/index.html|title=VC ボコスカウォーズ|author=|date=|website=www.nintendo.co.jp|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
19. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3135870|title=The Quest of Ki |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20050119105913/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3135870 |archive-date=2005-01-19 |deadurl=yes |work=1UP.com-1UP|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kure.sakura.ne.jp/8_works/game/2_sg.html|title=シルバーゴースト|language=ja|author=|date=|website=www.kure.sakura.ne.jp|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
21. ^¹²Behind The Scenes – Shining Force, GamesTM
22. ^{{cite web|author=Kurt Kalata|date=February 4, 2010|title=So What the Heck is Silver Ghost|publisher=Hardcore Gaming 101|url=http://blog.hardcoregaming101.net/2010/02/so-what-heck-is-silver-ghost.html|accessdate=2011-04-02}}
23. ^{{MobyGames|id=/first-queen|name=First Queen}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Official Site|publisher=Kure Software Koubou|url=http://www.kuresoft.net|accessdate=2011-05-19}} ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://www.kuresoft.net Translation])
25. ^¹Game Design Essentials: Fire Emblem, Gamasutra
26. ^Kurt Kalata, Langrisser, Hardcore Gaming 101
27. ^Kurt Kalata, Langrisser (Page 2), Hardcore Gaming 101
28. ^¹The Battle for Wesnoth ([https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meristation.com%2Fv3%2Fdes_analisis.php%3Fid%3Dcw4600fdf7c1637%26idj%3Dcw4600f9efed5b6%26pic%3DGEN&sl=es&tl=en&hl=&ie=UTF-8 Translation]), MeriStation
29. ^¹Ogre Battle, RPG Fan
30. ^¹Tactics Ogre, RPG Fan
31. ^{{cite web|title=Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together - Review|publisher=The Gamers' Temple|author=Jason Nimer|url=http://www.gamerstemple.com/vgreview.asp?r=6281|accessdate=2011-04-02}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Important Importables: Best SNES role-playing games|first=Jenni|last=Lada|publisher=Gamer Tell|date=February 1, 2008|url=http://www.gamertell.com/gaming/comment/important-importables-best-snes-rpgs|accessdate=2009-09-11}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Vandal Hearts II|publisher=RPGFan|author=Jaime|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/reviews/vandalhearts2/Vandal_Hearts_2-3.html|accessdate=2011-05-03}}
34. ^¹{{cite web|title=Sakura Wars ~So Long My Love~ Interview|publisher=RPGamer|year=2010|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/games/sakura/sakura5/sakura5int.html|accessdate=2011-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511131711/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/sakura/sakura5/sakura5int.html|archive-date=2012-05-11|dead-url=yes|df=}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Sakura Wars Comes to America, But is it Too Late to Matter?|author=Jeremy Parish|date=May 8, 2009|publisher=1UP.com|url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8988084|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018220047/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8988084|dead-url=yes|archive-date=October 18, 2012|accessdate=2011-05-18}}
36. ^Review - Final Fantasy Tactics: War of the Lions (PSP) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122138/http://www.gamesarefun.com/gamesdb/review.php?reviewid=652 |date=2008-05-10 }}, GamesAreFun.com
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://uk.retro.ign.com/articles/998/998839p7.html|title=IGN Presents the History of Final Fantasy: Know the legacy of the greatest RPG franchise in videogames|date=June 26, 2009|page=7|author=Travis Fahs|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2011-03-02}}
38. ^¹Chart Toppers: Square Enix Strategizes a Hit with Final Fantasy Tactics, GameDaily {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024224924/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/chart-toppers-square-enix-strategizes-a-hit-with-final-fantasy-tactics/71240 |date=October 24, 2008 }}
39. ^'Time Extend,' Edge, March 2008, p105
40. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web| last =Parish| first =Jeremy| title =PlayStation Tactics| publisher =1UP.com| url =http://www.1up.com/features/playstation-tactics| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110604094510/http://www.1up.com/features/playstation-tactics| dead-url =yes| archive-date =2011-06-04| accessdate =2010-02-04}}
41. ^{{cite web | last =Speer| first =Justin| title =Disgaea 2 | publisher =GameSpy| url =http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/disgaea-2/716558p1.html| accessdate =2010-02-04}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Sakura Wars 3|publisher=RPGFan|author=Sumire Kanzaki|url=http://www.rpgfan.com/reviews/sakurataisen3/Sakura_Taisen_3-2.html|accessdate=2011-05-21}}
43. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?pager.offset=0&cId=3170197&p=|title=An in-depth chat with Valkyria producer Ryutaro Nonaka.|publisher=1UP.com|first=Jeremy|last=Parish|accessdate=2009-07-09|date=2008-09-26}}
44. ^{{cite web|last=Gollop |first=Julian |title=Rebelstar: Tactical Command - Dev Diary #1 (GBA) |publisher=GameSpy |date=May 25, 2005 |url=http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/rebelstar-tactical-command/619957p1.html |accessdate=2008-01-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225205058/http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/rebelstar-tactical-command/619957p1.html |archivedate=December 25, 2007 }}
45. ^{{cite web|last=Chapman |first=David |title=Rebelstar Tactical Command |publisher=GameSpy |date=September 13, 2005 |url=http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/rebelstar-tactical-command/650630p1.html |accessdate=2010-10-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503125145/http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/rebelstar-tactical-command/650630p1.html |archivedate=May 3, 2009 }}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/gba/927210-rebelstar-tactical-command/index.html |title=Rebelstar: Tactical Command Reviews |publisher=Gamerankings.com |date=2005-09-06 |accessdate=2011-04-04}}
47. ^Ichi Nen Kan, JAPANDEMONIUM {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715205529/http://www.rpgamer.com/news/japan/jj110805.html |date=2011-07-15 }}, RPGamer, November 8, 2005
48. ^¹{{cite web | title = IGN: Valkyria Chronicles Review | publisher = IGN | date = October 29, 2008 | url = http://ps3.ign.com/articles/925/925384p1.html | accessdate = 2008-11-05}}
49. ^¹Metal Gear Acid (PSP) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523044731/http://www.1up.com/reviews/metal-gear-acid_5 |date=2011-05-23 }}, 1UP, 03/23/2005
50. ^{{cite web | last = Todd | first = Brett | title = Dungeons & Dragons Tactics Review | publisher = GameSpot | date = August 31, 2007 | url = http://www.gamespot.com/psp/strategy/dungeonsdragonstactics/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;review | archive-url = https://archive.is/20130110215514/http://www.gamespot.com/psp/strategy/dungeonsdragonstactics/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;review | dead-url = yes | archive-date = January 10, 2013 | accessdate = 2010-10-07}}
51. ^{{cite web | last = Walker | first = Torrey | title = Dungeons & Dragons Tactics | publisher = 1UP.com | date = 2007-05-03 | url = http://www.1up.com/previews/dd-tactics | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121018144811/http://www.1up.com/previews/dd-tactics | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2012-10-18 | accessdate = 2010-10-07 }}
52. ^Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Survivor, GameDaily {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
53. ^Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Survivor - NDS - Review {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812012841/http://nds.gamezone.com/reviews/item/shin_megami_tensei_devil_survivor_nds_review/ |date=August 12, 2011 }}, GameZone
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/objects/142/14294464.html |title=IGN: SMT: Devil Survivor review, IGN|publisher=IGN |date= |accessdate=2010-05-18}}
55. ^¹Devil Survivor And The Countdown Clock To Death, Siliconera, May 27, 2009
56. ^{{cite web|last=Moehnke|first=Mike|title=Infinite Space - Staff Review|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/games/other/nds/infiniteline/reviews/infinitelinestrev1.html|publisher=RPGamer|accessdate=2 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042525/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/other/nds/infiniteline/reviews/infinitelinestrev1.html|archive-date=2011-11-19|dead-url=yes|df=}}
57. ^{{cite web|last=Castle|first=Matthew|title=Infinite Space|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/infinite-space/|publisher=GamesRadar|accessdate=2 May 2012|date=March 16, 2010}}
58. ^¹Radiant Historia Gives Off a Distinct Chrono Trigger Vibe {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121210102047/http://www.1up.com/previews/radiant-historia-distinct-chrono-trigger |date=2012-12-10 }}, 1UP
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.destructoid.com/to-those-of-you-that-asked-about-radiant-historia-191310.phtml|title=To those of you that asked about Radiant Historia|author=|date=|publisher=|accessdate=16 August 2018}}
60. ^Radiant Historia's Full Official Site Opens {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805170753/http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2010/08/02/radiant_history_full_site_open |date=2010-08-05 }}, Andriasang
61. ^Radiant Historia Has "Many" Endings, Siliconera
62. ^Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together, GamesRadar, February 15, 2011
63. ^{{cite web|last=Parish|first=Jeremy|url=http://www.1up.com/reviews/radiant-historia-review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034238/http://www.1up.com/reviews/radiant-historia-review|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2011-06-29|title=Radiant Historia Review for DS, Game from 1UP.com|publisher=1UP.com|pages=1–2|date=2011-02-22|accessdate=2011-02-25}}
64. ^Growlanser: Wayfarer of Time, Siliconera
65. ^¹Tom Goldman (24 Nov 2010), Imageepoch Unveils New Wave of JRPGs, The Escapist
66. ^{{cite web|last=Bailey|first=Kat|title=Strategery: Valkyria Chronicles and X-Com: UFO Defense|url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9003286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709171620/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9003286|dead-url=yes|archive-date=July 9, 2012|publisher=1UP.com|accessdate=15 May 2011|date=September 4, 2009|quote=For Japan, the Famicom's Fire Emblem: Ankoku Ryu to Hikari is the archetype for the whole genre. Over the years, franchises like Tactics Ogre and Final Fantasy Tactics have offered unique twists and refinements, but the basic conceits have remained the same, with square-based grid being one of the subgenres most recognizable traits. Western SRPGs, however, have generally allowed for a bit more freedom of movement, with some like Freedom Force (and Dawn of War II, if you're willing to call it an SRPG) going real-time.}}
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73. ^¹{{cite web | last = Bailey | first = Kat | title = Strategery: The Dragon Age Appetizer | publisher = 1up.com | date = Oct 23, 2009 | url = http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9007783 | accessdate = 2010-02-04 | quote = The interesting wrinkle here is that when outside of battle, it's possible to explore the world in the same manner as any other RPG, and that's where Dragon Age Journeys has something in common with western tactical RPGs. The X-Coms of the world have always a great deal more freedom than even Valkyria Chronicles, and Dragon Age takes that one step further by offering actual dungeons to explore, rather than asking players to take on simple missions like 'kill everyone.' | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://archive.is/20130101180905/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9007783 | archivedate = 2013-01-01 | df = }}
74. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web | last =S. | first =Dennis | title =Paradise Cracked Review | publisher =GamersHell | url =http://www.gamershell.com/pc/paradise_cracked/review.html | accessdate =2007-11-26 | quote = The world of Paradise Cracked was largely influenced by such movie Blade Runner, as well as novels of Philip K. Dick and various other cyberpunk writers. It actually has one of the most interesting plots ever - but I won't give it away just yet. The game's genre can be called tactical RPG, drawing some of its best features from such games as X-Com, Jagged Alliance, Incubation and Fallout. }}
75. ^{{cite web|last=Bailey|first=Kat|title=X-COM: Distilling a Classic|url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9027138|publisher=1UP.com|date=April 14, 2010|quote=One of the absolute essentials from that era was X-COM: UFO Defense, which defined western tactical RPGs every bit as much as Fire Emblem did for strategy RPGs in the east. ... The crux of the game is efficiently defeating the aliens in turn-based combat, building up various bases, and outfitting soldiers with the latest and greatest equipment.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231744/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=9027138|archivedate=July 10, 2012|df=}}
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82. ^¹{{cite web | title =Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel - Retroview | publisher =RPGamer | url =http://www.rpgamer.com/games/fallout/fallouttactics/reviews/fallouttacticsrdrev2.html | accessdate =2007-11-26 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080424013027/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/fallout/fallouttactics/reviews/fallouttacticsrdrev2.html | archive-date =2008-04-24 | dead-url =yes | df = }}
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94. ^¹{{cite web | title =Metalheart: Replicants Rampage - First Look Preview | publisher =Total Video Games | date =December 2, 2004 | url =http://www.totalvideogames.com/articles/Metalheart_Replicants_Rampage_-_First_Look_1298.htm | accessdate =2007-11-26 | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20071218122558/http://www.totalvideogames.com/articles/Metalheart_Replicants_Rampage_-_First_Look_1298.htm | archivedate =December 18, 2007 | df = }}
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144. ^¹{{cite web | url =http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2010-11-28-the-story-of-x-com-interview | title =The Story of X-Com | last =Bickham | first =Al | date =2010-11-28 | website =Eurogamer | publisher =Gamer Network | access-date =2017-04-13}}
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151. ^{{cite web |title=A Blood Red State: Dead State Revealed |author=Kieron Gillen |url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2010/08/25/a-blood-red-state-dead-state-revealed/ |date=2010-08-25 |accessdate=2010-12-13 |publisher=Rock, Paper, Shotgun}}
152. ^{{cite web |url=http://steamcommunity.com/games/239840/announcements/detail/191745769341064695 |title=Steam Community :: Group Announcements :: Dead State |work=Dead State: Reanimated is here! |publisher=DoubleBear Productions |date=May 13, 2015 |quote=DS:R isn’t just an update - it’s our definitive enhanced edition with brand-new content, full of improvements and fixes requested by you, our community! }}
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154. ^¹{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Barton|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1571/the_history_of_computer_.php |title=The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part III: The Platinum and Modern Ages (1994–2004) |publisher=Gamasutra |date=2007-04-11 |accessdate=2010-09-05 | ref=barton_1571}}
155. ^{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Barton|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1706/the_history_of_computer_.php |title=The History of Computer Role-Playing Games Part 2: The Golden Age (1985–1993) |publisher=Gamasutra |date=2007-02-23 |accessdate=2010-09-12 | ref=barton_1706}}
156. ^{{cite web|title=ATARI INTRODUCES 'GREYHAWK: THE TEMPLE OF ELEMENTAL EVIL' |publisher=Atari |date=January 8, 2003 |url=http://corporate.infogrames.com/IESA/pressreleases_story.html?sid=340 |accessdate=2007-04-04 |quote=`Greyhawk: The Temple of Elemental Evil' will return players to D&D's roots with the genre-defining adventure that started it all while taking full advantage of the popular 3rd Edition rule set, party-based adventuring and tactical turn-based combat. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029112000/http://corporate.infogrames.com/IESA/pressreleases_story.html?sid=340 |archivedate=2006-10-29 |df= }}
157. ^{{cite web|last=Gillen|first=Kieron|title=Our RPG Cup Overfloweth: Knights of the Chalice|url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2009/08/11/our-rpg-cup-overfloweth-knights-of-the-chalice/|publisher=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|accessdate=12 May 2011|date=August 11, 2009|quote=It uses the D20 Open Gaming Licence to accurately translate something that’s worryingly close to the real D&D experience. It’s combat driven with splashes of dialogue, but the fact the rules are sophisticated enough to allow tactics means I found it compelling – if somewhat hard, even once you’ve battled past the interface.}}
158. ^{{cite web|last=Gillen|first=Kieron|title=Against RPG Decadence: Vince D. Weller Interview|url=http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2008/02/01/against-design-decadence-vince-d-weller/|publisher=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=February 1, 2008}}
159. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/wasteland-2-trailer-shows-off-first-gameplay-footage-including-tactical-battles-giant-bugs/ |title=Wasteland 2 trailer shows off first gameplay footage, including tactical battles, giant bugs |last1=Sykes |first1=Tom |date=February 9, 2013 |website=PC Gamer |publisher=Future plc |access-date=2015-12-18 |quote=}}
160. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/blackguards-review/ |title=Divinity: Original Sin is an odd mix of old- and new-school RPG design |last1=Kaiser |first1=Rowan |date=July 16, 2014 |website=Ars Technica |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=2015-12-18}}
161. ^{{cite web|last1=Thorman|first1=Peter|title=2014: the first year of the CRPG renaissance|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/2014-the-first-year-of-the-crpg-renaissance/|website=PC Gamer|accessdate=5 December 2015}}
162. ^{{cite web | title = Tir-nan-og Goes PSP, PS2 | publisher = RPGFan | date = January 10, 2008 | url = http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2008/1007.html | accessdate = 2008-06-15}}
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164. ^{{cite web|last=Wilkinson |first=Oli |title=Interview with Ankama Studios |publisher=GameDev.net |url=http://www.gamedev.net/columns/interviews/ankama.asp |accessdate=2007-12-02 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531160621/http://www.gamedev.net/columns/interviews/ankama.asp |archivedate=May 31, 2009 }}
165. ^{{cite web | last =D Argenio | first =Angelo | title =The Continuum: Exclusive Interview | publisher = TCGPlayer.com | url=http://www.tcgplayer.com/db/game_review.asp?AID=2133&PID=18&DBID=4 | accessdate =2008-03-13 }}
166. ^{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Ftionline.ru&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sl=ru&tl=en |title=Google Translate |publisher=Translate.google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-04}}
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168. ^{{cite web | title =Tactica Online | publisher =GameSpot | url =http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/tacticaonline/index.html?tag=result;title;0 | accessdate =2007-12-25 }}
169. ^{{cite web|last=Bailey|first=Kat|title=Strategery: Your First Tactical RPG|url=http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8981596&publicUserId=5725436|publisher=1UP.com|date=February 19, 2009|quote=It wasn't too long ago that I mentioned how difficult it is to get into tactical RPGs. It's an intimidating genre, what with all the grids and customization and names like Tactics Ogre. People are worried that they won't understand what's going on. That it'll be hard. That it'll be boring. So if you've made it past all those fears and you're ready to take the plunge, congratulations. You're a lot stronger than I was while contemplating Final Fantasy Tactics a decade ago. But people like you have also been asking me the same question, time and time again—where to start?|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101523/http://www.1up.com/do/blogEntry?bId=8981596&publicUserId=5725436|archivedate=December 22, 2015|df=}}
170. ^{{cite web|title=Vandal Hearts II (PlayStation)|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/legacy-game-platforms/vandal-hearts-ii-playstation/1707-9882_7-30965757.html#cnetReview|publisher=CNET|accessdate=12 May 2011|quote=Although the RPG has gained popularity in the US, its tactical offshoot, the strategy-RPG, has had a harder time gaining similar popularity.}}
171. ^{{cite web|last=Parfitt|first=Ben|title=Disgaea 3 heading to PS3|url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/27782/Disgaea-3-heading-to-PS3|publisher=MCV|accessdate=12 May 2011|date=July 17, 2007|quote=The tactical RPG genre may not be a chart-topper in the West, but hardcore followers of Japanese RPG specialists Nippon Ichi will be delighted to hear that the studio is bringing the latest instalment to its critically acclaimed series to PS3 next year.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210090229/http://www.mcvuk.com/news/27782/Disgaea-3-heading-to-PS3|archive-date=2009-02-10|dead-url=yes|df=}}
172. ^{{cite web|last=Parish|first=Jeremy|title=PlayStation Tactics|url=http://www.1up.com/features/playstation-tactics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604094510/http://www.1up.com/features/playstation-tactics|dead-url=yes|archive-date=4 June 2011|publisher=1UP.com|accessdate=12 May 2011|quote=Tactical RPGs have been gaining popularity in the United States since a PS1 game called Final Fantasy Tactics introduced a legion of gamers to its detail-oriented strategy. ... Although FFT is often praised for giving birth to the tactical RPG genre, that PS1 masterpiece would never have existed without this classic pair of Super NES ports.}}
173. ^{{cite web|last=Beckett|first=Michael|title=Final Fantasy Tactics - Retroview|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/games/ff/fft/reviews/fftstrev4.html|publisher=RPGamer|accessdate=12 May 2011|quote=Final Fantasy Tactics did much the same thing for tactical RPGs that Final Fantasy VII did for the genre as a whole—made it more popular, more accessible, and more visible to the rest of the gaming world.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314124149/http://www.rpgamer.com/games/ff/fft/reviews/fftstrev4.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
174. ^{{cite web|last=Bramwell|first=Tom|title=Dynasty Tactics - First Impressions|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/fi_dynastytactics_ps2|publisher=Eurogamer|accessdate=12 May 2011|date=October 21, 2002|quote=Final Fantasy Tactics is being given a new lease of life on Game Boy Advance, and Capcom has plans to release an Onimusha Tactics title in the near future too.}}
175. ^{{cite web|first=Richard |last=Aihoshi |title=Jagged Alliance 3 Interview |publisher=RPG Vault |date=October 16, 2007 |url=http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/827/827659p1.html |accessdate=2007-10-19 |quote=When choosing a team to develop a project of this type and scale, it was obvious that we needed Russian developers, the same people that created games with similarities to Jagged Alliance 2, both in genre and the time setting. I'm referring to releases like Silent Storm, Night Watch, Brigade E5 and others. Such projects have not been created in western countries for a long time, which can make development more difficult. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018145142/http://rpgvault.ign.com/articles/827/827659p1.html |archivedate=2007-10-18 |df= }}
176. ^{{cite web|author=John Funk |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/102039-Dragon-Quest-Creator-Western-Reviewers-Dislike-Turn-Based-Games |title=The Escapist : News : Dragon Quest Creator: Western Reviewers Dislike Turn-Based Games |publisher=The Escapist |date=2010-07-13 |accessdate=2010-09-15}}
177. ^{{cite web |url=http://uk.ds.ign.com/articles/110/1105212p1.html |title=Interview: Yuji Horii and a Lifetime of Dragon Questing - Nintendo DS Feature at IGN |publisher=Uk.ds.ign.com |date=2010-07-10 |accessdate=2010-09-15}}
178. ^¹{{cite web|last=Gollop|first=Julian|title=Blog comment by Julian Gollop, developer of X-COM and other genre titles|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/5987/putting_the_xcom_in_xcom.php#comment61000|publisher=Gamasutra|quote=Publishers run a mile from anything with turn-based mechanics—it is regarded as too niche. RTS games pretty much killed off turn-based strategy games in the mid-90s—but now even RTS games are regarded as niche. (...) Thanks to 'Advance Wars', 'Fire Emblem' and 'Final Fantasy Tactics' it seems turn-based games are not totally dead—at least for Nintendo handhelds.}}
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